Significance and Impact of the Study: This study is the first report of detection of cpe and cpb2 toxin genes in Clostridium perfringens isolated from chicken meats in Turkey. The multiplex PCR protocol described in this study is useful for rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens toxin genes simultaneously in one-step PCR. AbstractThe objectives of the present work were to investigate the presence of Clostridium perfringens in chicken meat parts (breast, wing, drumstick and leg quarter) by culture methods and to detect the cpa, cpb, etx, iA, cpe and cpb2 toxin genes by multiplex PCR. A total of 200 samples, the raw chicken breasts (n: 50), wings (n: 50), drumsticks (n: 50) and leg quarters (n: 50), were collected from various retail stores. Our results demonstrated that 47 of 50 wing samples (94%), 40 of 50 leg quarter samples (80%), 34 of 50 drumstick samples (66%) and 33 of 50 breast samples (66%) were found to be contaminated with Cl. perfringens. 558 positive isolates obtained from these samples were identified as Cl. perfringens based on the microscopic examination and biochemical tests. It was detected that 545 (97Á6%) of 558 Cl. perfringens isolates carried only cpa toxin gene (type A), 12 (2Á1%) of them carried both cpa and cpb2 toxin gene (type A-cpb2), one (0Á1%) of them carried both cpa and cpe toxin genes (type A-cpe), according to the multiplex PCR results, targeted cpa, cpb, cpb2, cpe, etx and iA genes.

Guran H.S., Oksuztepe G., Coban O.E., Incili G.K. (2015): Influence of different essential oils on refrigerated fish patties produced from bonito fish (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793). Czech J. Food Sci., 33: 37-44.The effects of different concentrations of thyme (group T), clove (group Cl), and rosemary (group R) extracts on the microbiological, chemical, and sensory attributes of fish patty made from the bonito fish (Sarda sarda Bloch, 1793) were investigated. The numbers of total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, coliform bacteria, Staphylococcus-Micrococcus spp. and yeasts and moulds in group R were lower than those of the other groups during storage (P < 0.05). During the storage period, total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N), thiobarbituric acid index (TBA-i), peroxide values, and free fatty acid content gradually increased in all groups, and significant differences were found between the groups (P < 0.05). The results of sensory evaluation showed that the shelf life of fish patties was 4 days for the control group, and 8, 10, and 14 days for the groups treated with thyme, clove and rosemary essential oil, respectively (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the addition of essential oils showed a positive effect on the product shelf-life; and in particular, rosemary essential oil produced a remarkable effect.

ELAZIĞ'DA SATILAN ÇÖKELEK VE KURUTLARIN MİNERAL MADDE VE AĞIR METAL DÜZEYLERİ ÖZET MINERAL SUBSTANCES AND HEAVY METAL LEVELS IN COKELEK AND KURUT SOLD IN ELAZIG PROVİNCE, TURKEY.ABSTRACT A total of 50 samples were obtained from retail outlets. Mineral substances and heavy metal levels of the samples were detected with ICP-OES. The average levels in the cokelek samples were determined as (mg/kg); calcium 327.76, phosphorus 67.46, magnesium 136.11, sodium 620.40, potassium 1142.24, copper 1.13, zinc 4.19, manganese 0.41, iron 5.70, chrome 0.06 and aluminum 3.05. As for the kurut samples were determined as (mg/kg); calcium 13968.52,phosphorus 1060.47, magnesium 432.42, sodium 9782.45, potassium 7012.45, copper 2.44, zinc 9.66, manganese 1.25, iron 6.57, chrome 0.09 and aluminum 1.07. Additionally, cobalt, nickel, arsenic, lead and cadmium levels in the cokelek and kurut samples were detected below the detection limit. In conclusion, the results indicated that calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, copper, zinc and aluminum levels of the samples showed significant statistical differences (P˂0.001) due to diversity of the production techniques. Heavy metal levels ofthe samples were within the acceptable limits established in the Turkish Food Codex.

Özet: İnsan ve hayvan sağlığını tehdit eden sorunlardan biri de küflü gıdalardır. Küfler doğada çok yaygın olarak bulunan ve tarımsal ürünler ile birlikte işlenmiş, işlenmemiş ve yarı işlenmiş gıda maddelerinde de sorunlara neden olan önemli kontaminantlardan sayılmaktadır. Küflerin hem ekonomik hem de ciddi sağlık sorunlarına neden olan metabolitleri ise mikotoksinlerdir. Mikotoksinler insan ve hayvanlar için toksik olan sekonder metabolizma ürünleridir. Mikotoksinleri içeren gıdaların alınması sonucu insan ve hayvanlarda meydana gelen sağlık problemleri mikotoksikozis olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Mikotoksinlerin hepatotoksik, dermatoksik, nörotoksik, mutajenik, kanserojenik, teratojenik, östrojenik gibi birçok etkileri bulunmaktadır.

ÖzetBu çalışma potasyum sorbat ilaveli vakum paketli Şavak tulum peynirlerinin raf ömrünün belirlenmesi için yapıldı. Bunun için koyun sütü K (kontrol) grubu, A grubu (%0.05 potasyum sorbat), B grubu (%0.1 potasyum sorbat) ve C grubu (%0.2 potasyum sorbat) olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrıldı. Örnekler buzdolabında (4°C) muhafaza edildi. Muhafazanın 0., 15.,30., 60., 90., 120., 150., 180., 210., 240. günlerinde mikrobiyolojik (toplam mezofilik aerob, LLP, lactic streptococlar, koliformlar, lipolitikler, proteolitikler, küfler, mayalar, E. coli, Staph. aureus ve Cl. perfringens), kimyasal (pH, asitlik, aw, yağ, tuz, kuru madde, kül ve sorbik asit) ve duyusal (ambalaj, görünüm, yapı, koku, tat ve toplam) olarak analizleri yapıldı. Muhafazanın 120. gününde kontrol grubu, 150. gününde A grubu, 180. gününde B grubu ve 270. gününde ise C grubu duyusal olarak bozuldu. Cl. perfringens bakterisine hiçbir grupta rastlanılmadı. E.coli bakterisi kontrol grubunda 90., A ve B grubunda 15. ve C grubunda ise 0. günden itibaren üreme göstermedi. Staph. aureus ise kontrol grubunda 30., A ve B grubunda 15. ve C grubunda ise 0. günden itibaren tespit edilmedi. Sorbik asit miktarı muhafazanın 120. gününde A grubunda 0.002 ppm, 150. gününde B grubunda 0.006 ppm ve 240. gününde ise C grubunda 0.11 ppm olarak saptandı. Duyusal olarak ise en çok beğenilen C grubu oldu. Sonuç olarak hem tulum peynirlerinin vakum paketlenerek küçük porsiyonlar halinde kullanılabileceği hem de potasyum sorbatların E. coli ve Staph. aureus üzerinde inhibe edici etkisinin olduğu görüldü. Anahtar sözcükler: Vakum paket, Tulum peyniri, Potasyum sorbat The Use of Potassium Sorbate in Vacuum Packaged Şavak Tulum Cheese AbstractThis study was carried out to determine the shelf life of vacuum packaged Şavak tulum cheese supplemented with potassium sorbate. For this purpose, ewe milk was divided to four groups as K (control group), A (added with 0.05% potassium sorbate), B (added with 0.1% potassium sorbate), and C (added with 0.2% potassium sorbate). The groups were stored in refrigerator (4°C) and analyzed for microbiological (Total mesophilic aerobic bacteria, LLP, lactic streptococcus, coliforms, lipolytic bacteria, proteolytic bacteria, yeast and mold, E. coli, Staph. aureus, and C. perfringens), chemical (pH, acidity, aw, fat, salt, dry matter, ash, and residue sorbic acid) and sensorial (package, appearance, structure, odor, taste and general acceptability) attributes on days 0, 15,30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 210.and 240. of storage. The control group, A, B and C groups were deteriorated as regards sensorial on days 120, 150, 180. and 270. of storage, respectively. C. perfringens was found in none of the groups. E. coli was found to be below detection limit after 90 days in control group, 15 days in A and B groups, and on day 0 in C group. Staph. aureus wasfound to be below detection limit after 30 days in control group, 15 days in A and B groups, and on day 0 in C group.Residue sorbic acid level was detected as 0.002 ppm in group A on day 120, 0.006 ppm in group B o...