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SUMMARY Biopsy specimens of the prostate were obtained by both fine‐needle transrectal puncture for cytological examination and by perianal puncture with a punch biopsy needle (Veenema's type) for histological examination in 100 cases of clinically manifest or suspect prostatic cancer. The former method produced material sufficient for examination in 96 per cent.; the latter, in 99 per cent. The results obtained by the two methods were concordant in 76 per cent. Forty‐one cases were diagnosed as cancer cytologically and 45 histologically. Malignancy was suspected cytologically in 11 and histologically in five. Of seven cases interpreted cytologically as cancer and histologically as benign or suspect, repeated histological biopsy revealed cancer in six. Of 34 cases of malignant tumours graded cytologically and histologically, the results were concordant in 24. Fine‐needle puncture is only a minor operation, it does not require hospitalisation or anzsthesia of the patient and its range of indications is wide. Judging from the above, cytological examination is from a practical point of view preferable to liistological examination as a routine procedure in the diagnosis of prostatic cancer.

SUMMARY Forty-four patients with Cushing's disease underwent bilateral adrenalectomy and 39 survivors were followed for, on an average, eight years and a half. There were three postoperative deaths and two other patients died within one year after operation. Thirty patients are now working but six remain invalidized. In four subjects cortisol secretion persisted in spite of "total" adrenalectomy but a clinical remission ultimately occurred. Five patients, who presented with an atypical clinical picture, failed to show any obvious changes in the distribution of fat or in the complexion. Body weight did not decrease after surgery in several patients and in many others body weight increased again after an initial loss of weight. Menstruations reappeared in all premenopausal women except two. Manifest diabetes, which was found in seven subjects, disappeared and in several other cases glucose tolerance improved. The blood pressure, which was high in most patients, normalized or decreased in all hypertensive patients but the blood pressure still remains elevated in 22 subjects. ECG-abnormalities disappeared in 11 of 17 subjects, who presented with ST-T changes and/or high amplitude R waves. The size of the heart decreased in most patients with cardiomegaly. A remarkable improvement in the radiological appearance of the vertebrae occurred in a 16-year-old boy but in the other patients there were no such changes. Mental disturbances, which were a main cause of preoperative disability, disappeared in most cases. Two patients, however, continue to be invalidized from mental disease, which developed during the course of the hypercorticism. One patient presented with a grossly evident pituitary tumour and in four other subjects a large pituitary tumour developed after adrenalectomy together with hyperpigmentation. Pituitary apoplexy occurred in one of these patients and another was operated upon because of visual field losses. It is concluded that the remission obtained after adrenalectomy for Cushing's disease increases the survival rate and makes a normal life possible in most patients. However, persistent hypertension and cardiovascular disease as well as the possibility of the development of a pituitary tumour make the late prognosis somewhat uncertain.

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