The capability of a two‐stage electrochemical treatment for the regeneration of acidic heavy‐metal containing process water was examined. The process water came from sediment bioleaching and was characterized by a wide spectrum of dissolved metals, a high sulfate content, and a pH of about 3. In the modular laboratory model cell used, the anode chamber and the cathode chamber were separated by a central chamber fitted with an ion exchanger membrane on either side. The experiments were carried out applying a platinum anode and a graphite cathode at a current density of 0.1 A/cm2. The circulation flow of the process water in the batch process amounted to 35 L/h, the electrolysis duration was 5.5 h at maximum and the total electrolysis current was about 1 A. In the first stage, the acidic process water containing metals passed through the cathode chamber. In the second stage, the cathodically pretreated process water was electrolyzed anodically. In the cathode chamber the main load of dissolved Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb was eliminated. The sulfuric acid surplus of 3–4 g/L decreased to about 1 g/L, the pH rose from initially 3.0 to 4–5, but the desired pH of 9–10 was not achieved. Precipitation in the proximity to the cathode evidently takes place at a higher pH than farther away. The dominant process in the anode chamber was the precipitation of amorphous MnO2 owing to the oxidation of dissolved Mn(II). The further depletion of the remaining heavy metals in the cathodically pretreated process water by subsequent anodic treatment was nearly exhaustive, more than 99 % of Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were removed from the leachate. The high depletion of heavy metals might be due to both the sorption on MnO2 precipitates and/or basic ferrous sulfate formed anodically, and the migration of metal ions through the cation exchanger membrane via the middle chamber into the cathode chamber. In the anode chamber, the sulfuric acid content increased to 6–7 g/L and the pH sank to 1.7. All heavy metals contained, with the exception of Zn, were removed to levels below the German limits for discharging industrial wastewaters into the receiving water. Moreover, the metal‐depleted and acid‐enriched process waters could be returned to the leaching process, hence reducing the output of wastewater. The results indicated that heavy metals could be removed from acidic process waters by two‐stage electrochemical treatment to a large extent. However, to improve the efficiency of metal removal and to establish the electrochemical treatment in practice, further work is necessary to optimize the operation of the process with respect to current density, energy consumption, discharging of metal precipitates deposited in the electrode chambers and preventing membrane clogging.
ZUSAMMENFASSUNG:Mit dem Ziel, Modellsubstanzen fur Redoxharze, aufgebaut aus Hydrochinon, Phenol und Formaldehyd, zu erhalten, wurden niedermolekulare molekulareinheitliche Kondensate dieser Stoffe dargestellt. Das Redoxverhalten der Verbindungen wurde durch potentiometrische Titration untersucht. Der Verlauf der Titrationskurven wurde theoretisch gedeutet. SUMMARY:Compounds of low and uniform molecular weight were prepared by condensation of hydrochinone, phenol and formaldehyde. They were used as models for redox resins. The redox properties of these compounds were investigated by potentiometric titration. The titration curves were analyzed theoretically.Die saurekatalysierte Kondensation von Hydrochinon, Phenol und Formaldehyd ergab die von uns untersuchten Polykondensations-Redoxharse, fiir die sich auf den verschiedensten Gebieten der Chemie interessante Moglichkeiten erschlossen haben l ) . Die Struktur der Harze zeigt das folgende idealisierte Formelbild ; sie enthalten Hydrochinon-und Phenol-Einheiten, die iiber Methylenbriicken verkniipft sind.
Die Glykogenbestimmung hat ihre besondere Bedeutung bei der Untersuchung von bioptischem Material aus Leber und Muskulatur zur Diagnose der Glykogenosen (3). Jedoch auch bei anderen Erkrankungen kann eszur pathologischen Glykogenspeiche.. rung in diesen Organen kommen Bei bestimmtenGlykogenosetormen ist der Glykogengehalt des Blutes erhöht.Glykogenbestimmungen im Blut wurden mit verschiedenen Methoden schon früher durchgeführt (7, 9, 10). Diese Methoden sind allerdings zu unspezifisch oder sehr zeitraubend. Aus diesen Gründen wurden bisher auch keine größeren Serienuntersuchungen vorgenommen. Dazu kommt, daß man das Blutgly.. kogen als eine wenig bedeutsame, stoffwechselinaktive Größe angesehen hat. Von einigen Autoren wird sogar angenommen, daß das Glykogen allein in den Leukozyten vorkommt, die Erythrozyten also kein Glykogen enthalten (8, 9).Mit einer von uns beschriebenen (2) Glykogenbestimmungsmethode im Voliblut können verschiedene Fehlermöglichkeiten früherer Methoden ausgeschaltet werden. Mittels dieses Verfahrens ließen sich Normaiwerte erzielen, die von den in der Literatur aufgeführten Werten deutlich abweichen. Material und Methodik Die Untersuchungen wurden an 56 gesunden Männern und 37 gesunden Frauen durchgeführt. Zusätzlich wurde das Blutglykogen bei 53 Diabetikern und 46 Diabetikerinnen bestimmt. Die Blutentnahme erfolgte bei den nüchternen Personen aus der Kubitalvene. Keine der untersuchten Personen war anämisch. Glykogenbestimmung im Voilbiut (2): 5,Oml Blut werden mit 5,0 ml 40°/oigerKalilauge in ein großes Zentrifugenglas gegeben (25 ml). Nach Durchmischen wird 60 Minuten
SYNOPSISIt was investigated how polymers which carry 2,4-dinitro-fluorobenzene or isothiocyanate groups could be used for preparing protein and enzyme resins. Furthermore it is demonstrated that the quantities of covalently bound enzymes as well as the properties of the enzymes themselves are dependent on the structure and chemical composition of the polymer matrices. r R 1 R = H, CH3
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