The paper summarizes laser beam steering techniques for power beaming, sensing, and communication applications. Principles and characteristics of novel mechanical, micro-mechanical and non-mechanical techniques are compiled. Micro-lens based coarse beam steering in combination with liquid crystal or electro-optical phase control for fine steering is presented in more detail. This review addresses beam steering devices which modulate the phase distribution across a laser beam and excludes intra-cavity beam steering, beam steering based on combining tuneable lasers with dispersive optical elements, active optical phased arrays, and optical waveguides.
In this contribution, we demonstrate that spectral beam combining in an external cavity (EC), a technique which has been applied previously to shorter wavelength diode laser bars [1], is also applicable to mid-infrared QC lasers. Within this concept, the output of multiple emitters from a 4.6 ?m emitting QC laser chip is combined in a single, collinear beam. The average power of an EC-QC laser module realized that way surpasses the output of a corresponding single emitter by more than a factor of 4. Furthermore, the EC-concept allows a certain degree of wavelength tuning during operation. The EC, consisting of a collimating lens, a grating and a partially reflecting outcoupling mirror, forces each laser to emit at a unique wavelength defined by its offset relative to the main optical axis. The EC approach further ensures the collinear directional and spatial overlap of the individual QC laser output beams forming a single combined output beam
durch die Punkte hindurchzulegen. Aus dieser gemittelten side-on-Verteilung kann dann durch numerische Lösung der Abelschen Integralgleichung die radiale Verteilung der Intensität berechnet werden. Diese Rechnungen wurden am Elektronenrechner TR 4 der Universität Hamburg nach einem in 1 beschriebenen Verfahren durchgeführt. Abb. 8 zeigt als Beispiel die Gegenüberstellung einer side-on-Verteilung und der dazugehörenden radialen Intensitäts-verteilung nach Lösung der Abelschen Integralgleichung.Um die mit der Mittelung der Punktverteilungen verbundenen Unsicherheiten zu reduzieren, wurden bei einigen Messungen die Koordinaten der einzelnen Punkte direkt digital in einen Lochstreifen gestanzt (Baugruppe D in Abb. 2 b) und die Mittelung dann mit Hilfe des TR 4-Rechners durchgeführt. Dabei zeigte es sich jedoch, daß mit einer erheblich größeren Punktdichte gearbeitet werden mußte, um zu brauchbaren "glatten" gemittelten Kurven zu gelangen, so daß dadurch die Meßzeit stark anstieg.Die weitere Auswertung der berechneten Radialverteilungen zur Ermittlung der Temperatur-und Elektronendichteverteilungen erfolgte nach dem Normtemperaturverfahren, aus den absoluten Intensitäten von Kontinuums-und Linienstrahlung sowie aus dem Verhältnis von Linien-zu Kontinuumsstrahlung. Diese Verfahren wurden bereits in 2 genauer beschrieben.Herrn Prof. Dr. H. RAETHER danken wir für die Förderung dieser Arbeit. Der Bundesminister für wissenschaftliche Forschung hat uns in dankenswerter Weise die Mittel für den Aufbau dieser Apparatur zur Verfügung gestellt.In a streamer initiated pre-discharge channel in H2 the axial and radial electron density distributions were measured at different times of the channel development. It was found that at any point in the channel where the electron density reaches ^2-10 17 cm -3 an immediate thermalisation of the plasma at this point takes place in a time of ^ 10 nsec. Due to the inhomogeneous radial and axial electron density distribution in a streamer initiated discharge channel the thermalisation begins at first in a constricted region of the channel.The further development of the electron density and temperature distributions in the thermalized channel was studied by means of spectroscopic plasma diagnostic methods in channels initiated by different overvoltages. These experiments have shown that the inhomogeneous axial electron density distribution is equalized after a time of ^ 100 nsec. The maximum electron density of ^ 1 -2-10 18 cm -3 is reached in the channel axis immediately after the thermalisation of the channel whereas the temperature increases during the time of the highest energy input to the maximum of ^o 5 -6 •10 4 °K.
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