The current study included 44 isolate of A. hydrophila, A. sobria and V. cholerae and other bacteria isolated from stool samples and environmental samples (Kufa river water and hospital environmental samples). ERIC DNA Fingerprinting with ERIC primers pairs generated distinct amplification bands ranging in size from (87 bp to 8000 kb). The 44 isolates produced 93 different patterns by ERIC DNA fingerprinting. The fingerprinting patterns of the isolates were constructed using cluster analysis the UPGMA (group method) using average linkages Number of different bands (Similarity coefficient), 1% tolerance. The PCR method of gene (16SrDNA and 16SrRNA) were the best methods for diagnosis, which has led to isolate and diagnosis of A. hydrophila A. sobria and V. cholerae are distributed as clinical isolates of A. hydrophila A. sobria were diarrhea samples. While, the environmental isolates were isolate of V. cholerae from Kufa river water. Sequencing technology is used to diagnosis of A. hydrophila, A. sobria and V. cholerae isolates were examined by (16SrDNA, 16SrRNA) genes. Recorded the new isolates in Nucleotide/Blast and recorded as the first sequencing in Gene-Bank/NCBI, DDBJ and ENA (INSDC). Each sequence have Accession number (No.: Gene bank: LC194875 Aeromonas sobria-HNK1, Gene bank: LC194876 Aeromonas hydrophila-HNK2, Gene bank: LC194877 Vibrio cholerae-HNK3) this is the first study in Iraq for discovery of new isolates by new sequences. The frequency of A. hydrophila, A. sobria and V. cholerae isolates in Najaf were higher among clinical and environmental isolates. The ERIC band pattern is an adequate tool for epidemiological investigations of A. hydrophila, A. sobria and V. cholerae isolates.

In this paper, we described detection of Aeromonas.hydrophila in water of AL-Jadryia river (Baghdad city, Iraq), during the period from July,2012 to April, 2013. The samples collected from water of Jaderia river and transfer to Bacteriology laboratory for diagnosis. A.hydrophila isolates which were diagnosed by three methods (Culture method, biochemical tests, Api20E system), in Culture method was isolated (71) isolate on blood agar and TCBS media and (44) isolates by biochemical tests while Api20E kit was the important method for diagnosis, which has led to isolate and diagnosis of (36) isolate of A.hydrophila. Also which used the PCR method of gene Tetracycline gene (tetA-E) was the best methods for diagnosis, which has led to isolate and diagnosis as (27) isolates of A.hydrophila have tetA-E sequence gene of all samples. The virulence factors of bacteria were detected and showed that all isolates produced of heamolysin, protease, lipase enzymes and also detection of tetracycline resistant gene of these samples.

Typhoid fever is a paramount reason for horribleness that more mortal sin “around the sum ages aggregations clinched alongside iraq it initiated by salmonella typhi. Salmonella typhi is diagnosed serologically by the Widal test and confirmed by vitek and using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based amplification of DNA from the bacterial samples of typhoid fever patients. The present study was designed to detect class I integron gene encoding antimicrobial of S. typhi using appropriate primers by PCR. These isolates of this study were collected from postgraduate laboratories (Prepared samples in vitro prepared diagnostics), they were a previous collected from carried out in Al Najaf provenance, throughout those period from July 2018 on March 2019 including 231 cases from blood, stool samples collected from patients suffering from typhoid fever were attended to Al-Sader Medical City and Al-Hakim General Hospital in Al-Najaf province. Biochemically tests and monovalent antisera gave 117 (50.64%) positive result S. typhi isolates and confirmed by Vitek system and PCR which showed positive result 59 (50.42%). Fifty nine isolates of S. typhi, were collected from patients with typhoid fever that distributed to 40/59 (34 %) from blood , 19/59 (15.1%) stool. Molecular detection revealed that most isolates of S. typhi were positive results to (intI) gene 43/59 isolate (the specific primer (intI) gene for S. typhi bacteria was designed in this study by using bioinformatics programs with NCBI website). According to the different diagnostic above, Vitek and PCR method were more sensitivity technique for S. typhi detection among typhoid patients. The results of virulence factors of S.typhi isolates were negative results for gelatinase, hemolysin, protease and capsulated. Multidrug resistance (MDR) of S. typhi isolates were represented by 18 antibiotics resistance to class and sub class of antibiotic. All S. typhi isolates appeared high resistance 100% to Aztreonam (AZM15), Nitrofurantion (F), Amoxicillin/clavulanicacid (AMC30), (PY25), Clarithromycin (CLR), Cefoxitin (FOX30), Penecillin(P10), Cefotaxime (CTX30), ampicillin (AMP), Meropenem (MEM), Tetracycline(TE30). Also resistance of isolates that revealed 91% to Impinem (IP ), 88% Ampicillin (AM10), 85%Amoxillin (AX), 81% Gentamicin (CN10), 80% Chloramphenicol (C30), 74% Cefpirome (CPR) and 68% Carbenicillin (CB).

The present study included the detection of A. hydrophila in some clinical cases in the governorate of AL-Najaf, during the period from October 2011 to March 2012.The samples was collected from stool samples for A. hydrophila isolates. The PCR method of gene (16S rRNA) was the best methods for diagnosis, which has led to isolate and diagnosis of (23) isolate of A. hydrophila from stool samples. The PCR technique was used for detection of some genes in A. hydrophila like heamolysin (hyl) and aerolysin (aerA) genes which were responsible for pathogenicity of bacteria. The (hyl)and (aerA) genes presented in (80%, 72%) respectively for the clinical isolates

Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that evolved within the past few decades and played a substantial role in the environment, industry, agriculture, and pharmacology. Nanoparticles are generally classified based on their dimensionality, morphology, composition, uniformity, and agglomeration. The shape, and morphology of nanoparticles play an essential role in their functionality and toxic effect on the environment and humans. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis of nanoparticles from microbes. For the biological synthesis of nanoparticles, microbes have been exploited all over the globe. Microbes like bacteria, fungi, and yeasts are mostly preferred for nanoparticles (NPs) synthesis because of their fast growth rate, easy cultivation, and their ability to grow at ambient conditions of temperature, pH, and pressure. Applications of Nanoparticles is a field of research with tremendous prospects for the improvement of the diagnosis and treatment of human diseases. Microbial nanoparticles are found to have vigorous antibacterial activities. The nanoparticles' efficiency is probably due to their larger surface area for enhanced interaction with the micro-organisms. Nanoparticles adhere to the cell membrane and further penetrate inside by interacting with DNA, thereby interfering with the replication process or may attack the respiratory chain of pathogens. A similar bactericidal mechanism of silver nanoparticles obtained from endophytic bacterium Bacillus cereus was observed against pathogenic bacteria like Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.