Identifying natural barriers to movements of hosts associated with infectious diseases is essential for developing effective control strategies. Raccoon rabies variant (RRV) is a zoonosis of concern for humans because its main vector, the raccoon (Procyon lotor), is found near residential areas. In Québec, Canada, all cases of RRV found in raccoons since 2006 were detected on the eastern side of the Richelieu River, suggesting that this river acts as a barrier to gene flow and thus the potential for RRV to spread. The objectives of this study were to characterize the genetic structure of raccoon populations and assess the effect of the Richelieu River on the population structure in southern Québec, Canada. We also evaluated whether RRV spread potential differed between sex and at a larger spatial scale. Our analyses revealed a weak signal of genetic differentiation among individuals located on each side of the Richelieu River. At a larger spatial scale, genetic structuring was weak. Our results suggest that rivers might not always efficiently restrain raccoon movements and spread of RRV. We suggest that the difference in genetic structure found between sexes can be partly explained by male movements during the breeding season in winter, when ice bridges allow passage over most rivers in Québec.

Au Québec, l’importance que les réformateurs accordent à l’approche culturelle de l’enseignement suscite plusieurs recherches. Peu de travaux, cependant, ont cherché à comprendre ce qui se trouve en amont de celle-ci, c’est-à-dire le rapport à la culture des enseignants. Ce texte présente le cadre théorique d’une définition du rapport à la culture que nous avons construit en nous inspirant des travaux de Charlot (1997) et des résultats d’une recherche menée auprès de 35 étudiants de deuxième année en enseignement du français. L’analyse de quatre idéaltypes du rapport à la culture nous amène à penser que le cadre théorique présenté ici constitue une avancée théorique et pratique pour penser la formation des enseignants au regard de l’approche culturelle de l’enseignement.The importance that those involved in curriculum reform in Quebec place on the cultural approach in teaching has led to several research projects. However, few of these have examined the origins of this notion, that is, the relation to the culture of teachers. This article presents the theoretical frame of a definition of the relation to culture that the authors have constructed. This is based on the works of Charlot (1997) and the results of research involving 35 second-year students in a French didactics course. An analysis of four ideal types of relation to culture led the authors to believe that the theoretical frame presented here is a promising direction both theoretically and practically for developing teacher training in terms of a cultural approach to teaching.En Quebec, la importancia que los reformadores otorgan al enfoque cultural de la enseñanza se encuentra al origen de varias investigaciones. Sin embargo, pocos trabajos intentaron entender lo que se encuentra por encima de este enfoque, es decir la relación a la cultura de los docentes. Este texto presenta el marco teórico de una definición de la relación a la cultura que hemos construido inspirándonos de los trabajos de Charlot (1997) y de los resultados de una investigación que se llevó a cabo con 35 estudiantes de segundo año en enseñanza del francés. El análisis de cuatro tipos ideales de relación a la cultura nos lleva a pensar que el marco teórico aquí presentado constituye un avance teórico y práctico para pensar la formación docente respecto al enfoque cultural de la enseñanza

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Since 1992, Quebec’s Ministry of Education1 and Ministry of Culture and Communications have been creating programs designed to integrate a cultural dimension into schools – a process requiring partnerships between teachers and professionals in the cultural domain. This domain comprises the objects and practices pertaining to the realm of arts and aesthetics and the values which are associated with them, namely expressivity, subjectivity, emotions, sensitivity, singularity, imagination, creativity and feelings (Kerlan, 2004). What does this integration mean, according to Quebec’s official discourse? To answer this question, we relied on sociology of justification theory (Boltanski & Thévenot, 1991; Boltanski & Chiapello, 1999, 2002) and used discourse and content analysis to examine Quebec’s official discourse. Our results suggest that this discourse relies on many definitions of culture and justice. This plurality blurs the meaning of the integration of the cultural dimension and requires that teachers delineate it by themselves.