Background and purpose: Lack of stimulation can cause deviations in child development and even permanent disturbances. The purpose of the study is to determine parenting factors in providing developmental stimulation in pre-school age children in Pakis Sub-District, Malang City, East Java.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 120 mothers who have pre-school age children in Curah Ampel Village, Pakis Sub-District, Malang, conducted from September-November 2018. Data were collected with self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of mothers’ demographic characteristics (age, education, and employment), father’s involvement, knowledge about development stimulation, parenting style, and parental stimulation. Data analysis were including univariable, bivariable, and multivariable analysis conducted with STATA. Results: On average, mother's age was 30 years old, 70.0% with low education, and 83.3% were unemployed. This study found that 55% of parents provide stimulation development that falls in the poor categories. From the result of multivariable analysis with logistic regression, it was found that mother’s education associated with parental stimulation to pre-school age children (OR=0.322, 95%CI: 0.121-0.858, p=0.023). Conclusions: This study highlights that mother's educational background has an important role in providing parental stimulation. Poor parental stimulation can cause developmental delays. A parenting program is needed to develop the knowledge and the ability of parents in accompanying every phase of their child development.

Background: Development during infancy occurs rapidly. Parent ability to meet their nutritional needs is needed to obtain optimal infants development. This study was to investigate the difference of development in children aged 6 months received exclusive breastfeeding versus formula milk Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted at Ciptomulyo health center, Malang, East Java, from April to May 2017. A sample of 17 infants who received exclusive breastfeeding and 19 infants who received formula milk was selected by total sampling. The dependent variable was child development. The independent variables were exclusive breastfeeding and formula milk. Child development was measured by Denver Development Screening Test. Mean difference of child development between groups was measured by Mann Whitney. Results: Development score in children aged 6 months who received exclusive breastfeeding (Mean= 0.53; SD= 0.24) was higher than children who received formula milk (Mean= 0.47; SD= 0.01), and it was statistically significant (p= 0.003). Conclusion: Development score in children aged 6 months who received exclusive breastfeeding is higher than children who received formula milk. Keywords: child development, exclusive breastfeeding, formula milk Correspondence: Milatur Rosyidah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: milatur387@gmail.com. Mobile: 089620575849. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.111

Abstract:One of the purposes of maternal and child health (MCH)

Breastfeeding as often as possible during the first day of life, can release meconium in infants. Meconium have a bilirubin, when it discharges, it can increases reabsorption of bilirubin and cause jaundice in infants. On demand breastfeeding with frequencies between 8-12 times / day, is very important for infants to prevent jaundice in infants. The purpose of this research was to know the correlation between breastmilk frequency with jaundice in newborn baby. The research design used analytic survey by approach of cohort. The number of population were 30 respondents, taken by using accidental sampling with the number of samples were 28 respondents, which was suitable with inclusion criteria. The instrument used observation sheet of breast feeding and the incidence of jaundice. Analyzed by Fisher Exact test with ⍴ value is 0.33 and the error degree is 0.05 (α = 0.05). The result obtained ⍴ value is 0.33> α = 0.05 indicate s that there is no correlation of breastmilk frequency with jaundice in newborn baby. Based on the result , shape of nipp le an d breastfeeding technique are very influence toward release of breastmilk. The maturity of liver's function determines the jaundice in newborn baby or not.

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