Pemanfaatan potensi biomassa yang terdapat di Kalimantan Selatan dengan raw material melimpah, salah satunya adalah kayu gelam yang berpotensi digunakan sebagai bahan bakar co-firing boiler untuk pembangkit listrik tenaga uap sehingga dapat mengurangi penggunaan bahan bakar fosil batubara. Serbuk kayu gelam dapat dijadikan sebagai bahan baku pellet dengan penambahan perekat atau tanpa perekat. Dalam penelitian ini menganalisa bagaimana penambahan perekat tepung tapioka menpengaruhi karaktersitik sifat fisik pellet kayu gelam. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi ukuran mesh dan persentase perekat tapioka terhadap sifat fisik pellet kayu gelam. Metode yang digunakan adalah secara eksperimental. Pellet kayu gelam dibuat dengan menggunakan variasi ukuran serbuk (mesh) 40, 50, dan 60 serta menggunakan perekat tapioka dengan persentase perekat 5%, 10%, dan 15%. Pellet kayu gelam selanjutnya di lakukan pengujian di laboratorium Baristand Banjarbaru. Pellet kayu gelam diuji meliputi pengujian sifat fisik yang terdiri dari nilai kalor, kadar air, kadar abu, kadar zat-zat terbang (volatile matter), dan kadar karbon terikat (fixed carbon). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan pellet kayu mengalami peningkatan pada kadar air, kadar abu, dan kadar zat-zat terbang seiring semakin kecilnya ukuran serbuk (mesh) kayu gelam. Sedangkan kadar karbon terikat dan nilai kalor pellet kayu mengalami penurunan seiring dengan semakin kecilnya ukuran serbuk (mesh) kayu gelam. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penambahan perekat tapioka mempengaruhi karakteristik sifat fisik pellet kayu, semakin tinggi persentase perekat maka kadar air, kadar zat-zat terbang, dan kadar abu semakin meningkat. Sementara itu, penambahan persentase perekat pada pellet kayu menyebabkan penurunan pada kadar karbon terikat dan nilai kalornya.

Woody biomass is briquette-densified to enhance its physical and mechanical properties during handling and storage. However, Limited study on the physical consistency of briquettes made from wood biomass and bottom ash blends has been carried out. The bottom ash used in this study is a residue from burning coal for the powerplant. The physical quality was evaluated for three different compositions (70:30, 50:50, and 30:70). The piston press type machine (laboratory scale) was employed to produce a briquette. This work aims to evaluated the effect of mixing ratio (wood residue and bottom ash) and compaction pressure on the physical quality (water content, ash content, VM, calorific value) and combustion behavior. The compaction pressure was varied between 100 kg/cm 2 and 150 kg/cm 2. The result revealed that the compaction pressure affected the physical quality of the briquette. Lower moisture content (MC), ash content (AC), and calorific value (CV) were obtained at the higher compaction pressure. The moisture content of 1.6% was better for the wood residue and bottom ash mixture’s compaction pressure. The calorific value of briquette ranged from 5200 kal/g to 5700 kal/g. In conclusion, the combination of low-cost and abundant forest biomass mixed bottom ash available with wood biomass could lead to better physical quality and help meet the demand for the briquette in the future.

Since plastic and food waste are both types of non-lignocellulosic biomass, these must be handled and managed correctly to avoid pollution problems and damage to the environment. Bio-oil, made from recycled materials, including plastic and food waste, is one focus of these attempts. The co-pyrolysis method is being investigated in this study as a technique of recycling plastic waste and food waste to produce biofuels with reduced environmental impact. In terms of energy efficiency, bio-oil is unequal to other fuels like coal or natural gas because of its high acidity, high oxygen content, and low thermal stability. Therefore, a vacuum distillation process is required to improve bio-oil quality by adjusting the distillation temperature from 300 to 350 OC and the percentage of plastic waste used from 30 to 50%. The bio-oil was analyzed using a Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS). The general compound showed that acids (60%) and alcohols (20%) were the most prevalent chemical compounds, followed by phenol (4%), aldehyde (14%), aliphatic (5%), Furan (14%), and ketones (11%) at maximum temperature (350 oC) for 30-50% plastic waste. Meanwhile, the final product is affected by temperature and plastic waste (PET) ratio factors. At 350 °C and a plastic waste addition of 50%, the highest bio-oil yield is 45%.

This study aims to determine the effect of temperature and volume fraction on heat transfer rate and heat transfer coefficient on concentric tube heat exhanger with nano ethylene glycol / TiO2 fluid. From the results of tests and analyzes that have been done, it is obtained the best temperature and volume fraction that supports the rate of heat transfer. The best heat transfer rate of 22,430.25 W is done at the condition of the 0.03% TiO2 Volume Fraction and at a temperature of 100 ° C. The best heat transfer coefficient occurs at a volume fraction of 0.03% and at a temperature of 100 ° C. It can be concluded that, TiO2 will increase the heat capacity and heat conductivity of the base fluid which will optimize the performance of the fluid.

The aim of integrating lean manufacturing and parameter design is to minimize seven non-value wastes in addition to the traditional waste in clean water production. These additional wastes to be considered are overproduction, waiting, motion, transportation, inventory, overprocessing, and defects. Information obtained from each waste is the input for the parameter design of the mixing process. The result of interaction between these seven types of waste in the lean production of clean water reveals that overprocessing waste is the most influential input in the parameter design of the Taguchi method. In the process of adding the level of concentration of poly aluminium chloride coagulant in the mixing process, a turbidity level below 5 nephelometric turbidity units is obtained, which in fact is in accordance with the health standard for clean water. An observation was also made on the behavior of flocs as the effect of Brownian motion due to the attractive force of poly aluminium chloride coagulant and colloid particle. The particle was then examined using a scanning electron microscope to find out the dimension of grain-sized flocs as the result of sedimentation in the mixing process. By properly integrating lean manufacturing and parameter design to minimize waste, a quality water meeting the set standard would be produced.