Background: Diarrhea is a condition of increased fecal water content of more than 200 grams or 200 ml/24 hours with a liquid or semi-liquid consistency. Complications of diarrhea, dehydration and malnutrition are still world health problems. Lime peel extract contains tannins which have astringent properties. Tannins are indicated as an alternative anti-diarrheal agent by tightening and forming a protective layer on the intestinal mucosa thereby reducing osmolarity.Aim: To examine the consistency, fecal water content, and frequency of defecation of bisacodyl-induced diarrhea in mice that are given lime peel extract.Methods: This research was an experimental with post test only group design. Thirty-six male mice were included and then divided into 5 groups with bisacodyl induction and 1 normal control group (KM) without bisacodyl induction. The negative control group (KN) was given 0.5 ml Tween 80 1%, the positive control group (KP) was given attalpugite 0.4 mg/40gW, treatment group 1 (X1), treatment group 2 (X2), treatment group 3 (X3 ) were given lime peel extract at graded doses of 125, 250, and 500 mg/KgW. Consistency, fecal water content, and frequency of defecation were observed every 30 minutes for 4 hours by observing the consistency of feces, weighing wet and dry feces to measure the water content, and measuring the frequency of defecation in each group. Data were analyzed statitiscally using Kruskal Wallis test with Post Hoc Mann Whitney test.Results: There were significant differences between the comparison of defecation frequency in the X3 group and the KM group, for the fecal water content comparison between the X3 group and the KN group, and no significant differences in the following group comparisons.Conclusion: Lime peel extract cannot reduce the frequency of defecation, fecal water content, and increase the consistency of feces significantly.Keywords: Diarrhea, lime peel extract, tannins, astringent, consistency, fecal water content, frequency of defecation.

Background: Cardiovascular-related mortality is a major concern in NAFLD. Advanced fibrosis was known to be associated with cardiovascular diseases. NAFLD Fibrosis Score (NFS) is used to identify the development of liver fibrosis in NAFLD patients. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) is a sign of subclinical cardiovascular complications in NAFLD. The correlation between NAFLD fibrosis score with LVMI in NAFLD patients is not fully established.Objective: To analyze the correlation between NAFLD fibrosis score with LVMI  in NAFLD patients.Methods: A cross-sectional study of NAFLD patients in Kariadi Hospital Indonesia. NFS was done using a formula based on clinical and biochemical parameters. LVMI was measured with echocardiography. Pearson’s, Mann-Whitney, and logistic regression were used for analysis.Results: A total of 64 patients with primary NAFLD were enrolled, 54.7% males and 45.3% females. Mean age was 52,8 ± 10,5 years (30-77 years). Based on NFS criteria, high probability group was the highest (50%), followed by intermediate probability group (34,4%) and low probability group (15,6%). Highest increase in LVMI was obtained in the high probability group (93,8%), followed by intermediate probability (59,1%), and low probability group (10%) respectively. There was significant correlation between NFS and LVMI (P 0,002). Logistic regression showed that NFS has a more significant correlation with LVMI compared to gender (P=0,002).Conclusion: NFS is a non‐invasive liver fibrosis scores which independently corelated with Left ventricular mass index (LVMI), a marker of cardiovascular abnormality.

Background: The prevalence of diabetic patients is increasing over the years. It will increase the incidence of microvascular complications due to prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetic patient. Diabetic retinopathy is one of microvascular complication which is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world. Prolonged hyperglycemia in diabetic patient cause toxicity to the retina which cause nerve and vascular damage and death to the retina. In this study was analyzed the association of diabetes duration with the severity of diabetic retinopathy associated with many cases of delay in diagnosing diabetes recentlyObjective: This study aims to investigate the association of diabetes duration with the severity of diabetic retinopathyMethods: A cross-sectional design was performed by collecting data from the medical records of diabetic patients who were diagnosed with diabetic retinopathy in Diponegoro National Hospital in July-December 2019 using purposive sampling method. Research subjects were 51 patients who fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data were analyzed using non-parametric Chi Square test with p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Prevalence was more in the age group of 51-60 years (45,1%), female (58,8%), diabetics <5 years (41,2%), and PDR (72,6%). Chi Square analysis shows no statistically significant association between duration of diabetes with the severity of diabetic retinopathy (p = 0,881)Conclusion: There was no statistically significant association between duration of diabetes with the severity of diabetic retinopathy

Irrational use of drugs is still found in Puskesmas which is the First Level Health Facilities. The use of irrational drugs based on appropriate drugs and precise indications. In the use of various types of drugs there may be an irrationality of treatment, one of which is hypertension.This study aims to determine the antihypertensive drugs used in Pelambuan Puskesmas Banjarmasin and to determine the percentage of rationality of hypertension treatment at Pelambuan Puskesmas Banjarmasin. evaluating the rationale for the use of antihypertensive drugs that include the accuracy of indication, drug, dose, patient, mode of administration, and duration of administration in hypertensive patients at Puskesmas Pelambuan Banjarmasin during 2017. This type of research was descriptive non-experimental research with retrospective data retrieval based on medical records of hypertensive patients in 2017. The population in this study amounted to 333 medical records and the number of samples that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria as much as 37 medical records. The tools / instruments in this study were observation sheets and interview sheets. The results of the research on antihypertensive drugs used in Pelambuan Banjarmasin Health Center were amlodipine, nifedipine, captopril, lisinopril. The results of the evaluation of the rationality of the use of antihypertensive drugs were seen based on the exact indication criteria as many as 18 patients (48,65%), right medication as many as 18 patients (48,65%), right dose of 17 patients (45,95%), right patients as many as 33 patients (89,19%), the exact method of administration was 31 patients (83,79%), and the exact duration of administration was 22 patients (59,46%).

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a major public health problem in Indonesia. It ranks among the top four cancers with high mortality rates. CRC screening is expected to improve early diagnosis that can reduce mortality and morbidity rate. Primary health care-based CRC screening in Indonesia has not yet been performed. This study was conducted to obtain information about prevalence, adenoma detection rate and public compliance for CRC screening in Semarang, Indonesia. This cross-sectional study was done across 10 primary health care centers in Semarang during April—October 2021. The screening method used Immunochromatography Faecal Occult Blood Tests (I-FOBT) as the primary test. Patients with positive I-FOBT result would be referred to Kariadi hospital for colonoscopy and histology examination. A total of 221 patients were included, 66.1% were female, mean age was 59.38 ± 7.48 years. Participation rate was 63%, 37 patients (16.7%) were I-FOBT positive, 26 patients (70.27%) underwent colonoscopy. Colonoscopy compliance rate was 70.27%. The colonoscopy results were haemorrhoid (30.8%), polyps (30.8%), malignancy (19.2%), colitis (7.7%), diverticulosis (7.7%), and normal (3.8%). The adenoma detection rate was 26.9%. BMI abnormality (overweight and obese) (OR 10.968; 95% CI 2.33–51.55) and family history of malignancy (OR 18.800; 95% CI 5.13–68.85) increased the risk of colorectal cancer and adenoma and respectively. The prevalence of I-FOBT positive in primary health care centers is high. The CRC screening program based on primary care should be considered. Public awareness education should be considered to increase colonoscopy compliance.