Background: The dental health component (DHC) is used to assess different malocclusions by evaluating the number of teeth, overjet, overbite and contact points of each tooth. This index is subjectively influenced by socioeconomic factors. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the overview of the socioeconomic status and orthodontic treatment need based on the DHC of State 15 Medan Junior High School students. Methods: This study represented a descriptive research featuring cross-sectional design. The subjects of this study consisted of 100 high school students. This study was conducted by making dental impressions and distributing questionnaires. Data analysis was conducted with SPSS 17.0 software using a descriptive statistical test and presented in a distribution and frequency table. Results: 89% of subjects demonstrated DHC levels of 1-2. 66.3% of subjects with parents of secondary education level had DHC grades 1-2, followed by 31.5% with parents of higher education level and 2.2% with parents of basic education level. The majority of subjects with DHC grades 1-2 had parents occupying class 2 jobs and the lowest number of students had parents holding class 4 jobs. The majority of the subjects with DHC grades 1-2 (77.5%) were of low income parents.  Conclusion: The largest distribution of orthodontic treatment need based on DHC among students of State 15 Junior High School occurred at levels 1-2 which either required or did not require minor orthodontic treatment. The majority of the students with DHC grades 1-2 have parents of secondary education level, a class 2 job and a low monthly income.

Pernafasan atau respirasi adalah proses masuk dan keluarnya udara ke dalam dan keluar paru-paru. Pada pernafasan normal, udara masuk dan keluar melalui hidung. Pernafasan mulut terjadi karena adanya kesulitan dalam bernafas melalui hidung. Bernafas melalui mulut dapat mengubah postur kepala, rahang dan lidah, dan ini akan mengubah keseimbangan tekanan pada rahang dan gigi serta mempengaruhi pertumbuhan rahang dan posisi gigi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui perbedaan inklinasi gigi insisivus maksila, inklinasi dan mandibula serta sudut interinsisal pada pasien maloklusi Klas I dan Klas II skeletal dengan pola pernafasan normal dan pernafasan melalui mulut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan 44 foto sefalometri lateral pasien yang bernafas normal dan bernafas melalui mulut berusia antara 8-12 tahun. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menghitung rerata dan standar deviasi inklinasi gigi insisivus maksila, inklinasi gigi insisivus mandibula dan sudut interinsisal. Hasil uji-t Independen menunjukkan nilai rerata derajat dan ukuran linear inklinasi gigi insisivus maksila dan sudut interinsisal pada maloklusi Klas I skeletal dan derajat inklinasi gigi insisivus maksila, ukuran linear inklinasi gigi insisivus mandibula dan sudut interinsisal pada maloklusi Klas II skeletal antara pernafasan normal dan pernafasan melalui mulut terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan.

Cephalometry is an essential diagnostic tool to obtain cranial radiograph that is necessary in complex assessment of cranium and orofacial. The cephalometric value is necessary in establishing a diagnosis and developing a comprehensive treatment plan. The standard cephalometric value could not be applied in various racial and ethnic groups, and thus, further research is required to obtain normal cephalometric value of various ethnic and race. The objective of the study is to obtain normal cephalometric value of skeletal, dental and soft tissue in Batak ethnic and to determine difference in between gender. This is an analytic observational study. The subjects of the study are 100 participants (18 males and 82 females) of Batak ethnic, whom lateral cephalometry and its analysis is performed on. The study shows that most male participants have more prognatic maxilla and mandible and more protruded upper and lower incisors compared to that of female participants. There is no significant difference on all variables of measurement of skeletal, dental and soft tissue in both male and female participants. The normal cephalometric value specifically differs in each ethnic and gender, and provides a useful tool in establishing a diagnosis and developing orthodontic treatment plan.

Background: Maxillary and mandibular growth have an important role in determining diagnosis and treatment plans. Knowledge of the growth of the maxilla and mandible becomes very important in designing a proper treatment plan and knowing the mean maxillary and mandibular lengths from the ages of 9–15 means malocclusion can be treated at the appropriate age. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between 9–15-year-old males and females and the length of the maxilla and mandible. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. The subjects consisted of 35 male and 45 females aged 9–15 years and 80 cephalometric radiograms were collected using a purposive sampling method from Universitas Sumatera Utara (USU) Oral and Dental Hospital based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected by tracing the lateral cephalogram, the maxillary length and mandible lengths being measured on the cephalogram based on the McNamara method through a computer program, CorelDRAW. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used for statistical analysis. Results: The average maxillary length for 9–15-year-olds was 96.35 ± 7.56 mm. The mean mandibular length for 9–15-year-olds was 122.29 ± 10.43 mm. Based on assessment and result, using the Pearson correlation coefficient test between maxillary length and mandibular length and chronological age, a maxillary length of p=0.003 and mandibular length of p=0.00 were obtained. Conclusion: There was a significant positive relationship between chronological age and maxillary length and mandibular length in 9–15-year-olds of Batak ethnicity.

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