Pomegranate is a large compound of the eastern diets, yet no research has been performed on this product. The pomegranate, Punica granatum belongs to family Lythraceae is an ancient, mystical, unique fruit borne on a small long-living tree cultivated throughout the mediterranean region, as far north as the Himalayas, in Southeast Asia, and in California and Arizona in the United States. Punica granatum is a fruit bearing deciduous herb or small tree growing between 5-8m tall. Punica granatum leaves are used as bitter tonic in fever and used in pneumonia, flu, mouth and lip infections. In recent studies plant has shown anti fungal, immunosuppressant and anti diabetic activity. It is also used in treatment of heart problems, stomach disorders, dental care, cancer, anaemia, osteoarthritis. Punica including Punica protopunica are known to exhibit strong anti oxidant activity. The extraction was subjected to assay by Reducing power, Hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay, DPPH methods for evaluation of anti oxidant activity. Results revealed that the pomegranate can be categorized as a leave with extremely high anti oxidant potential.

Objective: Buccal mucosa is a potential site for the delivery of drugs to the systemic circulation, a drug administered through the buccal mucosa enters directly to the systemic circulation, thereby which bypass the drug from the first -pass hepatic metabolism and adverse gastrointestinal effect. Duloxetine hydrochloride (DLX HCL) is a selective serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI). It is used in the treatment of depression, diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and in moderate to severe stress urinary incontinence in women.However, it undergoes extensive first-pass metabolism, and it is susceptible to undergo degradation in the acidic environment of the stomach, which results in the poor bioavailability. The objective of the present investigation is to design and evaluate the mucoadhesive buccal patches of DLX HCL with a goal of to increase the bioavailability and improve the patient compliance. Methods:Mucoadhesive buccal patches were prepared by solvent casting technique using mucoadhesive polymers. The patches were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, surface pH, folding endurance, moisture absorption, drug content uniformity, in vitro drug release, mechanical properties and ex vivo permeation studies. Results:The results of the optimised buccal patch F4 indicate that the mucoadhesive buccal patches of duloxetine hydrochloride may be a good choice for improving the bioavailability by bypassing the extensive first pass metabolism and acid degradation in the stomach. Conclusion:Duloxetine hydrochloride can be delivered through the buccal route of drug administration through the buccal patches.

Objective: Olmesartan belongs to a class of angiotensin II receptor blockers. It is used in the treatment of hypertension. However, it undergoes extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism, resulting in low oral bioavailability is about 26%. The aim of this study was to prepare and evaluate the mucoadhesive buccal tablets of olmesartan with a goal to increase the bioavailability and improve the patient compliance.Methods: Mucoadhesive buccal tablets were prepared by a direct compression technique using mucoadhesive polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M), sodium carboxymethylcellulose (SCMC), and Carbopol 934P. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, surface pH, swelling index, drug content uniformity, in vitro drug release, ex vivo mucoadhesive strength, ex vivo mucoadhesive time, and ex vivo permeation studies. The release kinetics was calculated to determine the drug release mechanism. Results: The physicochemical properties of all the formulations were shown to be within the limits. The optimized buccal tablets F2, F7, and F11 showed satisfactory drug release rates with the diffusion controlled mechanism. Optimized buccal tablets developed for olmesartan possess reasonable mucoadhesive strength, mucoadhesive time, and surface pH was in an acceptable salivary pH 6.76±0.28–6.89±0.34. The ex vivo permeation studies for optimized tablets were shown satisfactory drug permeation and could meet the target flux 0.991 mg h−1cm−2.Conclusion: The obtained results could be used as a platform to develop the buccal delivery of this drug, which bypasses the first-pass metabolism and results in the improvement of bioavailability. Hence, the present study concludes that the olmesartan could be delivered through the buccal route.

Duloxetine hydrochloride is a selective serotonin and nor adrenaline reuptake inhibitor. It is used in the treatment of depression, diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain and in moderate to severe stress urinary incontinence in women. However, it undergoes extensive hepatic first-pass metabolism and susceptible to undergo degradation in acidic environment of stomach, which results in the poor bioavailability. The objective of the present study was to develop and evaluate the mucoadhesive buccal tablets (transmucosal delivery) of duloxetine hydrochloride with a goal of to increase the bioavailability and improve the patient compliance. Mucoadhesive buccal tablets were prepared by a wet granulation technique using mucoadhesive polymers like HPMC K4M, Carbopol 934P and PEO WSR 303. The tablets were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, surface pH, swelling index, drug content uniformity, in vitro drug release, in vitro bioadhesion and ex vivo permeation studies. The physicochemical properties of all the formulations were shown to be within the limits. The optimized buccal tablets AA1, AB3 and AC1 showed prolonged drug release for a period of 6 h with the Higuchi model release profile. Further, ex vivo permeation studies for optimized tablets were conducted and shown enhanced drug permeation. Therefore, these results demonstrated that the optimized buccal formulation of duloxetine hydrochloride enhances the oral bioavailability by delivered through the buccal route.

The aim of this study is to estimate heavy metals in different brands of amlodipine besylate tablet dosage forms by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). In many laboratories around the world as the instrument of choice for performing trace metal analysis is ICP-MS. ICP-MS using Kinetic Energy Discrimination (KED) mode was used. Samples are assimilated using multi-wave sample digestion system. Each element standards of conc. 1000 mg/l was prepared and followed by serial dilution with 2% nitric acid. The validation was performed as per USP232 standards for the different brands of commercially available samples. Parameters such as linearity, accuracy, precision, Limit of detection (LOD), Limit of Quantification (LOQ) were evaluated. Calibration curves were linear and co-relation co-efficient (r 2 ) was 0.995 for all elements. LOD is divided into two components, method detection limit (MDL) and instrumental detection limit (IDL). The MDL limits (in ppb) of 75