Oxidative stress is one of the pathological mechanisms responsible for the beta- amyloid cascade associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previous studies have demonstrated the role of carnosic acid (CA), an effective antioxidant, in combating oxidative stress. A progressive cognitive decline is one of the hallmarks of AD. Thus, we attempted to determine whether the administration of CA protects against memory deficit caused by beta-amyloid toxicity in rats. Beta-amyloid (1–40) was injected by stereotaxic surgery into the Ca1 region of the hippocampus of rats in the Amyloid beta (Aβ) groups. CA was delivered intraperitoneally, before and after surgery in animals in the CA groups. Passive avoidance learning and spontaneous alternation behavior were evaluated using the shuttle box and the Y-maze, respectively. The degenerating hippocampal neurons were detected by fluoro-jade b staining. We observed that beta-amyloid (1–40) can induce neurodegeneration in the Ca1 region of the hippocampus by using fluoro-jade b staining. Also, the behavioral tests revealed that CA may recover the passive avoidance learning and spontaneous alternation behavior scores in the Aβ + CA group, in comparison with the Aβ group. We found that CA may ameliorate the spatial and learning memory deficits induced by the toxicity of beta-amyloid in the rat hippocampus.

Systemic Kainic Acid (KA) administration has been used to induce experimental temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of rosemary extract (RE, 40% Carnosic acid) against KA-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampus and impaired learning and memory. Animals received a single dose of KA (9.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p.) (KA group) and were observed for 2 h and were scored from 0 (for normal, no convulsion) to 5 (for continuous generalized limbic seizures). RE (100 mg/kg, orally) was administered daily for 23 days, starting a week before KA injection (KA+RE group). Neuronal degeneration in hippocampus was demonstrated by using Fluoro-Jade B immunofluorescence. The number of pyramidal cells in hippocampus was evaluated by Nissl staining. Also, the Morris Water Maze and Shuttle box have been used to assess spatial memory and passive avoidance learning, respectively. Our results revealed that, after treatment with RE, neuronal loss in CA1 decreased significantly in the animals in KA+RE group. The Morris water navigation task results revealed that spatial memory impairment decreased in the animals in KA+RE group. Furthermore, results in Shuttle box test showed that passive avoidance learning impairment significantly, upgraded in the animals in KA+RE group. These results suggest that RE may improve the spatial and working memory deficits and also neuronal degeneration induced by toxicity of KA in the rat hippocampus, due to its antioxidant activities.

Introduction: In this study, the authors aimed to perform a novel and extensive analysis, based on the most applicable correlations between the mandibular and upper airway parameters, using cone beam computed tomography across all malocclusion classes. The authors also focused on gender-dependent differences in an Iranian population. Materials and Methods: Images were acquired from adult patients using cone beam computed tomography. The patients were classified into three groups of malocclusion classes (class I: 13 males and 27 females, class II: 13 males and 27 females, and class III: 25 males and 15 females). For each patient, 10 parameters for the mandible and 23 parameters for the pharynx, pyriform aperture, and nasal cavity were evaluated in the images. Results: Pearson's correlation coefficient showed significant correlations between the mandibular morphology and upper airway dimensions in each malocclusion class. In females, the menton angle had a significant correlation with pharyngeal dimensions in all malocclusion classes. In males, the bigonial width, bicondylar width, and symphyseal height of the mandible were correlated with pharyngeal dimensions in all classes. The greatest correlation between the mandible and upper airways was observed in class III malocclusions, and the lowest correlation was observed in class I malocclusions. In addition, the mandibular parameters had relationships with the nasal cavity and pyriform aperture. Conclusion: It is important to consider the knowledge of the relationship between some characteristics of the mandible and airways in various clinical approaches.

Introduction: One of the serious complications of stroke is memory impairment, which is considered as one of the complications of reperfusion of tissue. The present study was designed to compare the effect of administration of Trolox, carnosic acid and Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) immediately after reperfusion of the stroke tissue on the memory and hippocampal histology. Method: Ischemia-Reperfusion Model (IRI) was created by bilateral occlusion of the common carotid artery for 15 minutes and the first dose was administered immediately after reperfusion. 10 days after ischemia, passive avoidance memory test and apoptotic protein levels were evaluated. Results: Cerebral Ischemia perfusion reduced the time of latency in entering the dark box in the ischemic group. Administration of Trolox and HCG increased this latency time, while treatment with carnosic acid had no effect. Also, IRI significantly reduced the number of healthy cells in the hippocampus. Administration of Trolox, carnosic acid and HCG increased the number of healthy cells and decreased the expression of Caspase-3 and Bax, but significantly increased the expression of Bcl-2 compared to the ischemic group. Conclusion: Findings indicate the beneficial effects of HCG and Trolox on the improvement of memory and the number of healthy cells in the hippocampal region. It is worth noting that the amount of apoptosis in the hippocampus was significantly reduced by Trolox, HCG and Carnosic acid.

Systemic kainic acid administration has been used to induce experimental temporal lobe epilepsy in rats. The aim was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of rosemary extract (40% Carnosic acid) against kainic acid-induced neurotoxicity in hippocampus and impaired learning and memory. Subjects received a single dose of kainic acid (9.5 mg/kg) intraperitoneally, were observed for two hours, and scored from 0 (for normal, no convulsion) to five (for continuous generalized limbic seizures). Rosemary extract (100 mg/kg, orally) was administered daily for 23 days, starting a week before kainic acid injection. Neuronal degeneration in hippocampus was demonstrated by using Fluoro-Jade B immunofluorescence. The number of pyramidal cells in hippocampus was evaluated by Nissl staining. Also, the Morris water maze and shuttle box were used to assess spatial memory and passive avoidance learning, respectively. Results revealed that, after treatment with rosemary extract, neuronal loss in CA1 decreased significantly in subjects in the kainic acid + rosemary extract group. Morris water navigation task results revealed that spatial memory impairment decreased in subjects in the kainic acid + rosemary extract group. Furthermore, results in shuttle box testing showed that passive avoidance learning impairment significantly improved for subjects in the kainic acid + rosemary extract group. These results suggest that rosemary extract improves spatial and working memory deficits and also, due to its antioxidant activities, neuronal degeneration induced by the toxicity of kainic acid in rat hippocampus.