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When infect host cells, various effecter molecules are delivered into the cytoplasm of the host cell through the type III secretion system (TTSS) to facilitate their invasion process and control the host immune responses. Among these effectors, the effector OspF dephosphorylates mitogen-activated protein kinases and translocates itself to the nucleus, thus preventing histone H3 modification to regulate expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Despite the critical role of OspF, the mechanism by which it localizes in the nucleus has remained to be elucidated. In the present study, we identified a potential small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) modification site within OspF and we demonstrated that TTSS effector OspF is conjugated with SUMO in the host cell and this modification mediates the nuclear translocation of OspF. Our results show a bacterial virulence factor can exploit host post-translational machinery to execute its intracellular trafficking.

Background Respiratory diseases in pigs are the main health concerns for swine producers. Similar to the diseases in human and other animals, respiratory diseases are primary related to morbidity and are the result of infection with bacteria, viruses, or both. B. bronchiseptica causes serious respiratory diseases in the swine airway track. However, the B. bronchisepticaspecific bacteriophage has diverse advantages such as decreasing antibiotic overuse and possible therapeutic potential against bacteria.Objective The objects of this study were to investigate the therapeutic effect of specific B. bronchiseptica bacteriophages and to identify genes related to bacteriophage signaling utilizing RNA microarrays in swine nasal turbinate cells. Methods Bor-BRP-1 phages were applied 24 h prior to B.bronchiseptica infection (1 × 10 7 cfu/ml) at several concentrations of bacterial infection. Cells were incubated to detect cytokines and 24 h to detect mucin production. And real-time quantitative PCR was performed to examine related genes expression. To determine the change of total gene expression based on B.bronchiseptica and Bor-BRP-1 treatment, we performed RNA sequencing experiments. Results The results showed that B. bronchiseptica induced increased expression of several inflammatory genes such as IL-1β, IL-6, and Muc1 in a dose-dependent manner. However, Bor-BRP-1 induced reduction of gene expression compared to the B. bronchiseptica induction group. In addition, microarrays detected Bor-BRP-1-altered inflammatory gene expression against B. bronchiseptica, reducing B. bronchiseptica-induced airway inflammation in swine epithelial cells. Conclusion These results suggest that the specific bacteriophage has a therapeutic potential to defend against B. bronchiseptica infection by altering inflammatory gene expression profiles. Song declare that we have no conflict of interest.Ethical approval This article does not contain any studies with human subjects or animals performed by any of the authors.

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A fully integrated 2.4 GHz RF transceiver compliant with the low-power ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4) standard is presented. The RF transceiver adopts low IF receiver and direct up-conversion transmitter. It consumes 18mA in receive mode and 17mA in transmit mode with 1.8-V power supply. The receiver chain IIP3 is -13.5 dBm and BBA poly phase filter can reject the ACI/AACI interferers. The achieved transmitter's maximum power is 4.7dBm and its EVM is 8.4% at 0.5dBm output. The LO generation is achieved using frequency mixing method and thus it can prevent the VCO pulling. The die area is 2.5 mm × 2.6 mm.