This study aims at analyzing the translation of English passive sentences into Indonesian language, in terms of the meanings and equivalence which appear in the translation. The method used to analyze the data is a descriptive quantitative. The sample of this research is taken from five chapters of the novel Hunger Games: Mockingjay by Suzanne Collins. The result shows that the translation of passive sentences comes into several types of meanings: lexical meaning 37%, grammatical meaning 2%, textual meaning 5%, and contextual meaning 46%. The translation of passive sentences also falls into two types of equivalences: formal equivalence 35% and dynamic equivalence 60%. However, 5% belongs to no equivalent translation. In conclusion, the English passive sentences are mostly translated contextually so that the type of equivalence mostly appeared is dynamic equivalence. Hence, inventive ability, creativity, and experience are required to grasp the exact meaning of source text.

This research was aimed at expressing motivation to use modality markers in text of traditional village regulation (awig-awig). The data was obtained from some major regulations in five regencies and city in Bali province. Sampling was done based on area considering dialectical and sociocultural diversity. Based on theory of pragmatics, it could be concluded that the use of Balinese language modality in text of traditional village regulation was not merely demanded by syntax and grammatical semantics. It can be proven with deletion technic. Up on the modality deletion, it did not change the prime meaning of text, but the sentences were still grammatical instead. The use of modality was motivated with pragmatic needs, i.e. performing hegemony politeness in accordance with the sense of modality as interpersonal rhetoric.

This study is aimed at revealing the linguistic markers used in the awig-awig that have succeeded in generating hegemonic politeness in Balinese society. The data of this research were taken from a number of awig-awig documents collected based on sampling areas, which represent Balinese dialectal variations. The obtained data were triangulated through interviews with a number of prajuru‘leaders’ of desa pakraman. Based on the pragmatic theory it is revealed that the characteristics of awig-awig of the desa pakraman are: (1) using the imposing utterance, (2) using the maxim of wisdom and acceptance of the politeness principle, (3) using modalities, (4) emphasizing on assertive, commissive, and directive illocutionary, and (5) being consistent in applying the maxim of quantity and means of cooperative principles. All these characteristics are manifested by the direct-literal type of act in the Balinese language of alus singgih 'honor-high'. In association, the Balinese variety of alus singgih is used to honor the participants. The use of Balinese language alus singgih is believed to foster awareness of norms and values for every Balinese.

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