This study aims to develop a teaching book based on context to improve students' critical thinking skills on environmental pollution materials. The research method used in this study was Research and Development (R & D) with ADDIE design (Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation). The instruments used in this study consisted of expert validation sheets which were used to validate teaching materials by experts, questions about readability of teaching books, questionnaires to determine students' and teachers' responses to teaching book, and instruments of critical thinking skills. The results showed that teaching books had a good level of validation in aspects of content, presentation, and language, students' responses to teaching books were very good, the teaching book assisted teachers in the learning process, and improve students 'critical thinking skills on environmental pollutions after using teaching book with N-gain of 0.33 (moderate). This indicates that context-based teaching book is useful for developing students' critical thinking skills on environmental pollution material.
Produksi limbah cair pengolahan kelapa sawit (POME) yang berlimpah di Indonesia menjadi faktorpendukung yang perlu menjadi perhatian, karena akan menimbulkan masalah lingkungan. Untuk itulimbah POME perlu dikonversi misalnya menjadi biogas, kemudian diupgrade menjadi biometana,agar beban pencemaran terhadap lingkungan akan berkurang. Konsep dasar upgrading biogasmenjadi biometana adalah untuk menaikkan kandungan metana (CH4) dalam raw biogas denganmenurunkan kandungan karbondioksida (CO2), untuk meningkatkan nilai kalori raw biogas. Selain itu,dilakukan pula penghapusan produk korosif, terutama hidrogen sulfida (H2S), air (H2O), dan beberapaunsur pengotor lainnya (H2, N2, O2). Proses ini dapat dilakukan dengan menerapkan berbagai jenisteknologi pembersihan dan peningkatan kualitas bogas. Teknologi tersebut diantaranya adalah aminescrubbing, water scrubbing, pressure swing adsorption, dan pemisahan membrane.Adapun distribusibiometana bisa dalam bentuk BioCNG, biasa disebut CBM (Compressed Biomethane), untukdigunakan sebagai bahan bakar pada sektor transportasi dan industri. Pola distribusi produk BioCNGyang paling layak adalah pemanfaatan BioCNG untuk kendaraan secara onsite. Model yangdigunakan berupa SPBG small fast fill, yaitu tipe SPBG dengan ukuran kecil, dimana pengisianBioCNG dilaksanakan secara cepat, seperti pengisian BBM di SPBU. Biaya pengadaan BioCNGtersebut adalah sebesar Rp. 4.242/LSP s.d. Rp. 4.563/LSP. Namun jenis distribusi denganmenggunakan tube trailers atau GTM (Gas Transport Module) ke SPBG Daughter sangat tidakekonomis, karena biaya pengadaan BioCNG-nya rata-rata lebih dari Rp. 8.000/LSP. Dengandemikian, untuk tipe distribusi jenis GTM - SPBG Daughter tidak dianjurkan untuk diterapkan diIndonesia.Kata kunci: BioCNG, Compressed Biomethane (CBM), SPBG, Gas Transport Module (GTM)
Biometana dari POME (palm oil mill effluent) merupakan energi terbarukan yang dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai substitusi gas alam dan LPG. Produksi biometana dapat mencapai 10% dari konsumsi gas bumi saat ini atau setara dengan 20% dari konsumsi LPG bila keseluruhan kapasitas produksi pabrik kelapa sawit dioptimalkan. Salah satu teknologi untuk produksi biometana yang sudah komersial untuk skala industri adalah water scrubber. Penerapan teknologi ini, khususnya di pabrik kelapa sawit Sei Pagar, Riau dengan kapasitas 250 Nm3/jam, belum ekonomis. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk melakukan kajian tekno ekonomi upgrading biogas berbasis POME dengan teknologi water scrubber. Berdasarkan hasil kajian yang dilakukan, biaya investasi upgrading biogas plant mencapai 53,2 miliar rupiah, sedangkan biaya operasi dan perawatannya mencapai 8,3 miliar rupiah. Harga biometana masih lebih mahal dari pada harga gas bumi sebesar 5,62 USD/MMBTU. Pada harga gas di atas 18,5 USD/MMBTU, upgrading biogas plant layak untuk dikembangkan. Kendala yang dihadapi dalam mencapai kelayakan adalah biaya investasi yang mahal serta harga gas bumi yang lebih murah. Berbagai kebijakan seperti transisi energi dan feed in tariff untuk energi terbarukan serta penerapan biaya eksternalitas dan depletion premium untuk energi fosil diharapkan dapat mendorong kelayakan penggunaan biometana berbasis POME di masa mendatang.
The Government of Indonesia is trying to reduce crude oil and oil fuel imports in order to minimize the balance of trade deficit through increasing utilization of biofuel. One of the options is to increase palm oil production to be processed into biofuel which can be utilized domestically. Crude palm oil (CPO) production is expected to continue to increase and is prospective to be used as a feedstock for making green gasoline and green diesel. Green gasoline production through catalytic cracking process while producing green diesel through hydrotreating process. The development of green fuel (green gasoline and green diesel) is technically possible and prospective. Production of green gasoline and green diesel by 2020 will be able to reduce import of gasoline and diesel oil by 8.9% and 31.8% respectively. Green fuel is only effective in reducing the import value of gasoline and diesel in the period 2025-2040 because there are constraints on the availability of CPO. Production of green diesel and green gasoline can reduce fuel imports so that it indirectly increases energy security. The development of the green diesel and green gasoline industry requires a clear and gradual grand strategy from the government so that feedstock needs will not interfere with food needs.
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