AbstrakSenyawa radikal dalam tubuh sangat reaktif terhadap sel-sel, sehingga dapat menyebabkan berbagai penyakit. Senyawa yang mampu menangkal radikal bebas disebut antioksidan. Bawang hitam diketahui mengandung senyawa aktif fenolik dan turunannya sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai antioksidan. Penelitian tentang penggunaan bawang hitam sebagai antioksidan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan waktu pemanasan (15, 25, dan 35 hari) terhadap aktivitas antioksidan pada ekstrak bawang hitam. Bawang hitam diperoleh dengan cara memanaskan bawang putih selama 15, 25, dan 35 hari. Bawang hitam selanjutnya diekstraksi dengan pelarut metanol dengan metode maserasi. Filtrat hasil ekstraksi dipekatkan dengan rotary evaporator untuk mendapatkan ekstrak bawang hitam. Ekstrak bawang hitam diuji fitokimia untuk mengetahui kandungan senyawa aktif. Aktivitas antioksidan ekstrak bawang hitam ditentukan dengan metode penangkalan radikal 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Hasilnya menunjukkan ekstrak bawang hitam memiliki aktivitas antioksidan yang sangat kuat dengan nilai IC50 masing-masing 15 hari yaitu 2,41 µg/mL; 25 hari yaitu 2,93 µg/mL; 35 hari yaitu 2,27 µg/mL. Nilai IC50 <10 μg/mL menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak bawang hitam dengan waktu pemanasan 15, 25, dan 35 hari memiliki potensi antioksidan yang sangat kuat. Waktu pemanasan yang paling optimum dalam penangkalan radikal bebas adalah ekstrak bawang hitam dalam waktu pemanasan 35 hari, karena banyak terdapat kandungan senyawa flavonoid, tanin, sterol, dan saponin.Abstract Radical compounds in the body are very reactive to cells that can cause various diseases. Compounds that are able to ward off free radicals are called antioxidants. Black garlic are known to contain phenolic active compounds and their derivatives so that they can be used as antioxidants. Research on the use of black garlic as an antioxidant aims to determine the difference in heating time (15, 25, and 35 days) on the antioxidant activity of black garlic extract. Black garlic are obtained by heating the garlic for 15, 25, and 35 days. The black garlic is then extracted with methanol solvent by maceration method. The extracted filtrate was concentrated with a rotary evaporator to obtain the black garlic extract. Black garlic extract was tested for phytochemistry to determine the content of active compounds. The antioxidant activity of black garlic extract was determined by the radical deterrence method 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). The results showed that the onion extract had a very strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 15 days each of 2.41 µg/mL; 25 days which is 2.93 μg/mL; 35 days which is 2.27 µg/mL. IC50 values <10 μg/mL indicate that the black garlic extract with a heating time of 15, 25, and 35 days has a very strong antioxidant potential. The most optimum heating time in deterring free radicals is black garlic extract within 35 days of heating because there are many compounds containing flavonoids, tannins, sterols, and saponins.

According to the World Health Organization, the anemia prevalence was estimated reach 9% in developed countries, while in developing countries reached 43%. The most-at-risk groups were children and women at fertile age, with an estimated prevalence of anemia in infants at 47%, pregnant women by 42%, and in non-pregnant women t ages 15-49 reached 30%. This was an observational analytic research with cross sectional approach. The purpose was to analyzed the relationship between the number of parity and the pregnancy age with the incidence of maternal anemia. The population in this study were 111 pregnant womens who checked their pregnancy to Public Healt Center (PHC) Kintamani 1 at Bangli regency, the province of Bali. The  simple random sampling was used in the research with 87 peoples acted as research sample. Using Rank Spearman Correllation test, it was founded that there was a relationship between the number of parity with the incidence of maternal anemia a low  relationship, and there was a relationship between gestational age with maternal anemia incidence with a low degree relationship.

Salah satu tanaman yang berfungsi sebagai  antijamur  adalah bawang  putih yang diinovasikan menjadi produk bawang yang berwarna hitam atau black garlic. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antijamur ekstrak black barlic terhadap pertumbuhan jamur Candida albicans. Metoda dalam penelitian ini adalah bawang putih dipanaskan selama 35 hari pada suhu 65°C untuk mendapatkan black garlic. Black garlic diekstraksi dengan metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut methanol. Uji aktivitas antibakteri berdasarkan uji zona hambat, konsentrasi hambat minimal (KHM) dan konsentrasi bunuh minimal (KBM). Uji zona hambat dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak 100%, 90% dan 80%. Konsentrasi dengan nilai zona hambat yang baik akan dilanjutkan ke uji KHM dan KBM dengan pengenceran ke 1 sampai 5. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa zona hambat ekstrak Black Garlic dengan konsentrasi 100% memiliki zona hambat paling bagus yaitu 3,15 mm. Uji KHM optimum diperoleh pada pengenceran ke-5 dengan nilai OD terendah 0,460. Uji KBM dari ekstrak black garlic pada pengenceran ke-5 menunjukkan koloni jamur C. albicans masih tumbuh, sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa ekstrak black garlic hanya mampu menghambat pertumbuhan jamur namun tidak bisa membunuh jamur C. albicans. Kata kunci: antijamur; black garlic; maserasi  ABSTRACTActivity test of black garlic extract against the growth of the fungi Candida albicans. One plant that functions as an antifungal is garlic which is innovated into black garlic. The aim of this study is to indentify black garlic extract antifungal activity against of the Candida albicans. The method in this research was heated garlic for 35 days at temperature of 65°C. Black garlic was extracted by maceration method using methanol solvent. Antibacterial activity test based on inhibition zone test, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal kill concentration (MBC). Inhibition zone test with various extract concentrations of 100%, 90% and 80%. Concentrations with good inhibition zone values will be continued to the MIC and MBC tests with dilutions 1 to 5. The results showed that the inhibition zone of black garlic extract with a concentration of 100%, 3.15 mm. The optimum MIC test was obtained at the 5 dilution with the lowest OD value of absorbance 0.460. The MBC test of the black garlic extract at the 5 dilution showed C. albicans fungal colonies were still growing, so it can be said that the black garlic extract was only able to inhibit fungal growth but could not kill C. albicans fungi. Keywords: antifungal; black garlic; maceration

Fossil fuels are included as non-renewable energy sources, so its presence in Indonesia is decreasing. One of the renewable energy sources that can be obtained easily is bioethanol, this energy is obtained from organic materials containing cellulose fibers. Cellulose is hydrolyzed on a catalyst and fermented to obtain bioethanol. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of variations in the concentration of catalysts in the production of bioethanol from market organic waste (fruit peels and vegetables). There are three stages of converting organic waste into bioethanol, including converting green vegetables waste and fruit peels (polysaccharides / cellulose) into monosaccharides (simple sugars) through a hydrolysis process followed by a fermentation process using Saccharomyces cerevisiae and EM4, then separating ethanol and water using a distillation process. The resulting products are analyzed using a quantitative test to determine density and a qualitative test to determine color change. The results showed that the ethanol obtained from the addition of H2SO4 catalyst with concentrations of 0.5% and 1% had almost the same specifications as standard ethanol based on density calculations and color change tests. The highest ethanol yield percentage was obtained from the concentration of H2SO4 1%.

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