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This study aimed to determine the mathematical reasoning skills of children in the area of Measurement and Data Analysis-Probability. First, Evaluation Instrument for the Early Mathematical Reasoning Skills is developed, its validity and reliability is performed. Furthermore, variables such as the effect of child gender, age, institution attended and part/full time attendance to the institution, total duration of preschool attendance as well as educational background of their parents were analyzed. The study group is composed of randomly selected 204 children of typical development in x at the age of 60-74 months attending dependent and independent kindergarten, private preschools, daycare centers and kindergartens of Ministry of National Education. Data were collected using Evaluation Instrument for the Early Mathematical Reasoning Skills that is type of holistic rubric and Child Information Form that was developed by the researcher. The instrument developed was found to be reliable and valid. No significant difference was found between the scores of reasoning areas and types of boys and girls.Keywords: preschool math, reasoning, measurement, data analysis, probability. Extended AbstractPurpose and Significance: Mathematics is one of the areas that help determine the reasoning skills of children clearly. By considering the educational materials used and math activities practiced, how children access to information and their ways of achieving this aim can be understood. Investigation of mathematical reasoning skills of children in the areas of Measurement and Data Analysis-Probability is significant for enhancing the number of related activities as well as their quality. Furthermore, it helps teachers who have reservations of conducting activities in these fields to see the related skills and their applicability to the preschool education such as activities of numbers, shapes, matching and comparing.Methods: Early Mathematical Reasoning Skills Evaluation Tool was developed along with its validity and reliability studies to identify the mathematical reasoning skills of children in the field of Measurement, Data Analysis and Probability. Moreover, variables affecting the mathematical reasoning skills of children in the fields of Measurement and Data Analysis-Probability were examined. The study group of this research was 204 children aged 60-74 months with typical developmental patterns that were selected randomly from 10 preschool.

Musical instruments help children to gain a lot of experience related to sounds and they play an important role in supporting skill development in children. In addition, with instruments children can create and explore their own music, rather than participate with and react to others. In this school-based research study 147 children were chosen randomly from among those who attended private kindergartens in high socio-economic areas in the city center of Ankara, Turkey. All children were aged between 4 and 6 years. The research methodology comprised a questionnaire to gather demographic information about the children, the use of musical instruments and a set of cards containing pictures of musical instruments. When the children were asked the question, 'What is music', they answered mainly by saying, 'playing a musical instrument'. Many of the children were able to identify musical instruments correctly when shown pictures of them.

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Prosocial behaviors are positive social behaviors that benefit others. Deprivation is an observable and provable measure of absence in one’s social living standards depending on the society or country to which they belong. The present study examines levels of and correlations between prosocial skills and deprivation in Teachers of Students with Visual Impairment student (TVIs). Environmental Deprivation Scale for Teachers was developed by the researchers with 751 teacher participants. As one of the quantitative research methods, this descriptive study was conducted using correlation and screening to examine the relationship between two or more variables and obtain clues about cause and effect. 68 TVIs in Turkey and 73 TVIs in the USA participated in our web-based scale. The participants were also asked an open-ended question about the reason(s) for choosing their profession. The answers were analyzed, and themes and sub-themes were created. The study's main conclusion is that the American TVIs have higher levels of prosocial skills and lower levels of deprivation. In addition, there is a positive and significant relationship between prosocial skills and deprivation. The reasons teachers choose their profession fell under four themes and eight sub-themes for the American TVIs and six themes and nine sub-themes for the Turkish ones. Several factors, such as the differences in the education systems of the two countries and the levels of development, may impact prosocial skills and deprivation levels.