Abstract. Nikmah IA, Rugayah R, Chikmawati T. 2020. Leaf anatomical variation in Desmos Lour. and Dasymaschalon (Hook. f. & Thomson) Dalla Torre & Harms species (Annonaceae). Biodiversitas 21: 3317-3330. The relationships between Desmos and Dasymaschalon are debated for along time. Those two genera have high morphological similarities, especially in their generative character (moniliform monocarps). Therefore, sterile specimens of Desmos are difficult to be distinguished from Dasymaschalon. Leaf anatomy in paradermal section of 20 taxa (12 species of Desmos, eight species of Dasymaschalon) have been carried out. The data were used to support the interspecific and intergeneric delimitation of Desmos and Dasymaschalon. Desmos and Dasymaschalon are two distinct genera mainly distinguished based on the anticlinal wall undulation of epidermal cells and supported by variation of the crystal type, and size. The anticlinal wall undulation of Desmos is almost straight to slightly wavy, and never sinuous, meanwhile, Dasymaschalon varies from almost straight to deeply sinusoid. The crystals of Desmos consist of rhombohedric, druse type A, and druse type B crystals, whereas Dasymaschalon has prism, druse type A, druse type B, and drue type C crystals.

Abstract. Fendiyanto MH, Satrio RD, Widana IDKK, Pratami MP, Nikmah IA, Darmadi D. 2021. Differential hierarchical metabolites expression of red/white Salacca sumatrana Arillus and its molecular docking studies. Biodiversitas 22: 1014-1024. Salak Sidempuan (Salacca sumatrana) is one of the medicinal plants originating from tropical countries. However, there is very little research on the study of finding bioactive compounds in S. sumatrana using the metabolomic approach. Here, we use two population types of S. sumatrana, e.g., fruit with red and white arillus. We extracted the compounds from the two tissues using the GC-MS technique and further analyzed their antiviral potential using an in-silico molecular docking technique. Fold change analysis showed that in white arillus there were 21 upregulated compounds and 25 downregulated compounds. Metabolites that have high expression in white arillus tissue are ranxinic acid, nicotinic alcohol, stearic acid, 2-furan carboxaldehyde, and others. Six accessions from S. sumatrana based on PCA analysis and separate dendrogram according to the type of arillus, i.e., red and white arillus. Two compounds that act as antivirals found in this study are stearic acid and palmitic acid based on preliminary molecular docking studies. These two compounds could be used for further studies as a preventive measure against SARS-Cov-2 in the future, however, it needs further comprehensive and clinical analysis the future. In conclusion, metabolites in white arillus were distinctly different from red arillus of Snake fruits. In addition, studies on differential metabolite expression on two types of arillus (red/white) can be used as markers in identifying arillus color early by plant breeders.

Porang (Amorphophallus muelleri Blume) is dispersed and grew well in Java island. This research aimed to determine the genetic diversity of porang populations in Central Java and West Java based on LEAFY second intron (nuclear genome encoding flower development). DNA samples of porang were from previous study, which were obtained from Central Java (Pamedaran, Grobogan, Wonogiri, Karangtengah) and West Java (Cisompet) as in-group. Amorphophallus variabilis from Pamedaran Brebes, Amorphophallus ochroleucus, Amorphophallus longituberosus, Amorphophallus sumawongii, and Amorphophallus tinekeae from GenBank were treated as out-group. LEAFY second intron was amplified using primers FLint2 F1 5'-CTTCCACCTCTACGACCAGTG-3' and FLint2 R1 5'-TCTTGGGCTTGTTGATGTAGC-3'. Analysis using dnasp5 showed that 23 samples had 89 invariable sites and 139 variable sites that consisted of 12 singletons two variants sites, 118 parsimony-informative two variants sites, and 9 Parsimony-informative three variants sites. The total of haplotype were seven haplotypes where 16 in-group samples clumped on haplotype 1 whereas two samples of Grobogan (Grobogan I and Grobogan III) clumped on haplotype 2, and out-group samples occupied at their own haplotype. The genetic distance of all in-group samples was 0-0,004 showing no differences among individuals. Analysis of phylogenetic tree using Maximum Parsimony, Neighbor Joining and Maximum Likelihood resulting a polytomy branch of in-group samples except Grobogan, which forms a separated sub-clade.

Desmos subbiglandulosus (Miq.) Merr., previously placed as a synonym of Desmos dumosus (Roxb.) Saff., is reinstated based on the examination of herbarium specimens and type material of D. subbiglandulosus from Borneo deposited in Herbarium Bogoriense. The specimens of D. subbiglandulosus and D. dumosus are morphologically distinct. All the specimens Desmos from Borneo previously identified as D. dumosus should belong to D. subbiglandulosus.

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