Gesneriaceae plant family is comprised of resurrection species, namely Boea hygrometrica and Paraboea rufescens, that are native to the Southeast Asia and Haberlea rhodopensis, Ramonda myconi, and Ramonda serbica, which are mainly found in the Balkan Peninsula. Haberlea rhodopensis is known to be able to survive extreme and prolonged dehydration. Study was carried out after the dried plant Haberlea rhodopensis Friv. had been hydrated and had reached its fresh state. Two juice samples were collected from the plant blossom: The first sample was prepared with 1% filtered water through a patented EVOdrop device. Then the sample was saturated with hydrogen with EVOdrop booster to a concentration of 1.2 ppm, pH = 7.3, ORP = −390 mV. This first sample was prepared with filtered tap water from Sofia, Bulgaria. The second sample, which was a control one, was developed with tap water from Sofia, Bulgaria, consisting of 1% solutions of Haberlea rhodopensis. A study revealed that during the drying process in H. rhodopensis the number of free water molecules decreases, and water dimers are formed. The aim of our study was to determine the number of water molecules in clusters in 1% solutions of hydrated H. rhodopensis plants. Results were analyzed according to the two types of water used in the experiment. Th EVOdrop device is equipped with an ultranano membrane and rotating jet nozzle to create a vortex water and saturation thanks to a second device EVObooster to obtain hydrogen-rich water. In the current study Hydrogen-rich water is referred to as Hydrogen EVOdrop Water (HEW). Research was conducted using the following methods—spectral methods non-equilibrium energy spectrum (NES) and differential non-equilibrium energy spectrum (DNES), mathematical models, and study of the distribution of water molecules in water clusters. In a licensed Eurotest Laboratory, the research of tap water before and after flowing through the EVOdrop device was proven. Studies have been carried out on the structuring of water molecule clusters after change of hydrogen bond energies. The restructuring comes with rearrangement of water molecules by the energy levels of hydrogen bonds. Local extrema can be observed in the spectrum with largest amount of water molecules. The structural changes were tested using the NES and DNES spectral methods. The conducted research proved that the application of EVOdrop device and EVObooster changes the parameters of water to benefit hydration and health.

The method of Non-equilibrium Energy Spectrum (NES) was applied in measurement of hydrogen bonds energy distribution in 1% Rosa damscena L. oil solution in deionized water. Local maxima in this spectrum were identical with these obtained in investigations of other biologically active solutions and related to particular bio effects as follows: (-0.1387 eV; 8.95 µm; 1117 cm-1). This local maximum is typical for antibacterial, anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects. The local maxima at (-0.1212 eV; 10.23 µm; 978 cm-1) and (-0.1262 eV; 9.82 µm; 1018 cm-1) are typical for anti-inflammatory effects and this at (-0.1112 eV; 11.15 µm; 897 cm-1) is typical for effects on the nervous system and nerve conductivity. Information theoretical analysis was performed using the values of Shannon entropy and Transformational information entropy, pointing to hydrogen bonds distribution similarities between Rosa damscena L., V. myrtillus L. and Salvia divinorum Epling. The possible chemical causes of these similarities were identified as antioxidant activity and polyphenols concentration.

The biological processes of a human body occur in liquid medium. The human body contains around 55-60% of water in young people. At birth the percentage is around 75%, and in elderly people it is -50-55% (by weight). The state of water in the body of athletes is an indicator for their status during physical exertion and recovery. Dehydration is a natural process developing during the period of training and football match, which influences the functioning of the locomotor, nervous, respiratory and cardio-vascular systems. The research of Ivaylo Yakimov for the period 2014-2019 from Bulgarian football players confirmed the importance of the requirement for the footballers to start physical workload optimally hydrated, in order to slow down and decrease the influence of the negative effects from the inevitable JAMMR, 32(4): 112-119, 2020; Article no.JAMMR.55632 113 dehydration during a football match. Yakimov is а medical doctor in the football team Ludogorets. One of the co-authors considers the possibility for hydration and recovery to be done using water with hydrogen index pH over 8.5, and a negative oxidation reduction potential (ORP). The results show that footballers, who drink Catholyte water have better heart indicators compared to the ones they would have if they drink table water. Analyses are conducted of processes in ATP and mitochondria in the cell for faster achieving of maximum sports performance and recovery. Original Research Article

The human body consists of 55-60% water in the case of young adults. There are numerous studies conducted in the 21st c. concerning hydration reaction in sports training and recovery. Dehydration is a natural process during training and competition. Athletes lose both water and minerals. This is accompanied by formation of lactic acid and inorganic phosphate as well as by decrease of calcium (Ca2+). We have studied optimal doses of water and mineral intake during training, post-competition recovery and rest days. Electrochemically activated Catholyte water was successfully applied in sports practice. Bulgarian mineral and mountain spring waters were proposed as favorable during athletes’ training. In addition, herbs used as food supplements were classified according to their vitamin content. Our aim was to verify the efficiency of proposed intake doses for athletes’ hydration. They also include vitamins which, in combination with water, have anti-inflammatory effect and enhance sports performance. We have observed a tendency towards faster elimination of biochemical compounds appearing as side effects of athletic competitions and training.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a signaling protein essential for angiogenesis. Despite vigorous research in the field for several decades, the exact role of VEGF in the sophisticated regulatory mechanisms of cardiac and renal homeostasis still remains to be fully elucidated. Recent studies have reported that the expression of VEGF in the heart and kidneys changes with age, which leads to modifications in the microvasculature and age-related remodeling of the myocardium and renal parenchyma. Furthermore, literature data suggest that the levels of VEGF are altered in response to hypertensive injury, which plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis and progression of multiple cardiac and renal pathologies. Therefore, this review strives to assess the accessible literature and provide clarity on the role of VEGF in the complex signaling cascades responsible for maintaining cardiac and renal homeostasis both under physiological and pathological conditions.