The goal of this study was to determine whether the presence of the bovine alpha-lactalbumin transgene in first-lactation gilts enhances lactational performance and litter growth. Transgenic and sibling nontransgenic gilts were bred to nontransgenic boars. Litters were standardized to 10 piglets within 24 h of farrowing. Milk production was measured by the weigh-suckle-weigh method on d 3, 6, 9, and 12 of lactation. Bovine alpha-lactalbumin was present in the colostrum and milk of transgenic gilts throughout lactation. The expression of the transgene was associated with alterations in composition of mammary secretions, especially in early lactation. Lactose concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in mammary secretions of transgenic gilts during the first 12 h postpartum compared with controls. In contrast, total solids concentration in mammary secretions from transgenic gilts were lower (P < 0.05) relative to controls during the first 6 h postpartum. Transgenic gilts produced more milk than controls on d 3, 6, and 9 of lactation (P < 0.01). By d 12, differences in milk production between transgenic and control sows were no longer different. Lactose intake by transgenic-reared litters was greater than lactose intake by control-reared litters on d 6 of lactation (P < 0.05). Total solids intake was significantly greater (P < 0.05) by transgenic-reared litters on d 3 and 6 compared to control-reared litters. The day x genotype interaction on litter weight gain after birth was highly significant (P = 0.011), with transgenic-reared litters gaining weight at a greater rate than control-reared piglets. Expression of the transgene was associated with increased milk production in lactating gilts and increased growth of transgenic-reared piglets. Increased lactose synthesis in response to the presence of the transgene may result in increased milk production in early lactation, leading to increased milk component intake by transgenic litters, and ultimately to increased growth of litters reared by first-parity transgenic gilts.

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282 color depth can be equated to percentages by stating that bottle I represents a glycosylated hemoglobin value of 4%-8% and bottle 4 represents a value of 15 % or higher. Construction of the ToolPurchase four plastic baby bottles, 12 styrofoam balls, red food dye, and a piece of heavy plastic sheeting approximately 4 x 4 inches square (available in a yard goods or dime store).Fill each bottle with water and add red dye. Make the bottles progressively darker in color so that bottle 4 is the darkest. Now place three styrofoam balls in each bottle. Cover the top of each bottle with plastic. Make sure each ball is covered with the water/dye mixture. Let set for several days.Note that you can put corn syrup rather than water in bottle 4. This will emphasize the fact that the cells become almost &dquo;candy coated&dquo; and tend to stick together when blood glucose levels are high for a long period of time.It has been recognized from both clinical observation and insulin absorption studies that exercise-induced hypoglycemia in insulin-treated diabetes is dependent on the site of insulin injection. We have utilized the Ames Memory glucometer to precisely document the effect of insulin injection site on mean blood glucose levels in children with diabetes.Twenty-one children (I boys and 10 girls) aged 11 to 17 years were recruited from the Diabetic Clinic. They were all well-controlled and motivated, and duration of diabetes ranged from 1.5 to 14.5 years. Each child was given a memory glucometer and asked to record at least three blood glucose levels per day, which were also recorded manually. A record was kept of exercise, extra food, and hypoglycemic episodes. The protocol over six weeks required that subjects utilize three anatomical regions for injection for two weeks each: sites were to be selected from buttock, anterior thigh, and arm, and had to include abdomen.Mean blood glucose level was higher following abdominal injection than following injection in any other region in 14 of the 21 subjects (X', P< .05). Mean blood glucose level (mmol/L ± SD) for each sitc... as follows: arm 6.5 t 6.3 (n=9), thigh 7.8 ± 6.9 (n=20), buttock 7.0 + 6.4 (n=11), abdomen 8.2 ± 7.6 (n=21). Mean glucose level following arm or anterior thigh injection was no different from mean glucose level following abdominal injection. However, mean glucose level following buttock injection was significantly lower than following abdominal injection in the same subjects (P< .O1 ). We conclude that in diabetic children taking insulin ( 1 ) the site of injection affects the mean blood glucose level, with ahdominal injection leading to higher levels than injections in other sites, and buttock injection leading to lower mean levels than abdomem (2) the memory glucometer allows reliable storage and analysis of glucose data for studies comparing various therapies.