Results show that miR-182 and 187 are promising biomarkers for prostate cancer prognosis to identify patients at risk for progression and for diagnosis to improve the predictive capability of existing biomarkers.

Invasive progression threatens the cause specific survival of patients with high risk superficial bladder cancer even when cystectomy is performed. The 3-month clinical response was an excellent predictive factor for invasive progression. Early cystectomy should be considered when stage T1 grade 3 tumor, bladder carcinoma in situ, or prostate mucosa or duct involvement is present at the 3-month clinical evaluation.

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The predictive value of the association of local tumor stage and grade for occult lymph node micrometastasis was validated in a prospective study. This factor allows the differentiation of 3 risk groups of patients with high reliability in the low and high risk groups. However, other prognostic factors are needed in the intermediate risk group to improve the prediction of lymph node involvement.

Conservative treatment is an optional approach for select upper urinary tract tumors. The strongest risk factors for recurrence and progression were association with a previous multi-recurrent bladder tumor and tumor location in the renal pelvis but these conditions were also the strongest risk factors for bilateral recurrence. Conservative treatment can also be recommended in these cases but only with compliant patients and close followup.