Atypical porcine pestivirus (APPV) have been detected in swine herds from the USA, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and most recently in Austria, suggesting a wide geographic distribution of this novel virus. Here, for the first time, we reported APPV infection in swine herds in China. Newborn piglets from two separate swine herds in Guangdong province were found showing typical congenital tremors in July and August 2016. RT-PCR, sequencing and phylogenetic analysis showed APPV infection occurred. Phylogenetic analysis showed that Chinese APPV strains, GD1 and GD2, formed independent branch from the USA, Germany and the Netherlands. Nucleotide identities between members of the APPV ranged between 83.1% and 83.5%, and this showed APPV is highly diverse. It is apparent that this provides the first molecular evidence of APPV infection in swine herds in China.

Forty-seven strains of H9 subtype avian influenza viruses identified by specific reverse transcription-PCR method were isolated from the chicken and duck flocks in different areas of China during the 2002 to 2009 epizootic period. Hemagglutinin (HA) genes of these strains were sequenced and analyzed with the representative strains published in GenBank. The results indicated that the HA genes of these strains and the vaccine strains displayed nucleotide homologies ranging from 91.7 to 96.6% and amino acid homologies ranging from 92.3 to 95.7%, respectively. Analysis of the mature peptide sequences of these HA genes showed that the presence of leucine at position 216 (corresponding to residue 226 in H3 numbering) indicated a preference to the binding of alpha (2-6) sialic acid receptors, which was the same as human isolates. Extra potential glycosylation sites appeared in the HA genes of most tested isolations compared with the vaccine strains. The HA cleavage sites of most of the strains were the 335PSRSSR downward arrow GLF341, but all of the strains met the characteristics of low-pathogenic avian influenza. The results of phylogenetic analysis indicated that all 47 strains and the current vaccine strains belong to the same phylogenetic lineage h9.4.2, but they had some genetic deviation in the last decade. Compared with the vaccine strains, 7 mutations were found in the antigen epitope region of the HA genes of the field strains. These results suggested that the commercial vaccine might not induce satisfactory prevention against infection of H9N2 avian influenza virus.

Adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) catalyses the initial step in triglyceride hydrolysis, so the ATGL gene is a candidate for growth and fat traits in chickens. Nine reported single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located in 3 exons of the chicken ATGL gene were chosen for genotyping an F2 population. Only 5 SNPs were confirmed for polymorphisms and used for association analyses. The results show that c.531G>A (p.E177Syn) was not associated with any growth and fat traits (P > 0.05), but c.782G>A (p.S261N) was associated with body weight (BW) on days 14, 21, 35, 63, 70, 77, cingulated fat width and abdominal fat pad weight (P < 0.05), and significantly associated with BW on days 42, 49, and 56 (P < 0.01). Significant associations of c.903C>T (p.F301Syn) with BW on days 49 and 77 days and crude protein content of breast muscle (P < 0.05), and c.1164G>A (p.K388Syn) with BW on day 7 (P < 0.05) were also detected. Additionally, c.1069T>C (p.L357Syn) was associated with breast muscle colour (P < 0.05), and significantly associated with crude fat (ether extract) content of breast muscle (P < 0.01). Thus the missense SNP of c.782G>A (p.S261N) was significantly associated with the largest number of chicken growth and fat traits in this study.

RTE1 (REVERSION-TO-ETHYLENE SENSITIVITY1) was identified as a positive regulator of ETR1 (ethylene resistant1) function in Arabidopsis; RTEs are a small gene family. Ethylene plays a crucial role in the senescence of carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.) flowers. Two cDNA clones encoding putative RTE-like protein (DCRTE1 and DCRTH1) were obtained from total RNA isolated from senescing carnation petals using RT-PCR and RACE techniques. The predicted proteins of DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 consist of 228 and 233 amino acids, respectively. Interestingly, the deduced DCRTE1 protein, like most other RTEs, includes two putative transmembrane domains, while the deduced DCRTH1 protein includes five putative transmembrane domains, according to the TMHMM database. Northern blots showed that the level of DCRTE1 mRNA in petals first decreased then increased remarkably after ethylene production started, and DCRTE1 expression showed an increasing trend in ovaries during natural flower senescence. The amount of DCRTH1 transcripts increased gradually in both petals and ovaries during natural senescence. Exogenous ethylene increased transcript abundance of DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 to various degrees in both petals and ovaries. STS treatment decreased the level of DCRTH1 mRNA in petals and ovaries compared with the control. DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 showed a rapid increase and then a decrease in mRNA accumulation in leaves after wounding. These results suggest that both DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 could play important roles in flower senescence-related signalling. Sucrose treatment did not remarkably affect the amount of DCRTE1 and DCRTH1 mRNAs.

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