A prospective study of parvovirus B19 infection during pregnancy was conducted at a large teaching hospital in Barcelona, Spain. Women (1610) who were < 28 weeks pregnant at enrollment were screened for parvovirus infection. The prevalence of IgG positivity was 35.03% (564/1610). The incidence of acute infection during pregnancy was 3.7% (60/1610). There were five abortions among the B19-infected women but only one was caused by parvovirus, as assessed by histologic examination and polymerase chain reaction assay. The incidence of fetal loss caused by parvovirus was, therefore, 1.66% (1/60). The remaining 55 pregnancies were uneventful, and at 1 year of age, none of the infants had serious abnormalities. The incidence of vertical transmission of infection was estimated at 25%. This study provides evidence that although acute parvovirus infection may occur relatively commonly during pregnancy, an adverse fetal outcome is a rare complication.

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Building upon Deci's and Ryan (1985) Self-determination theory as well as the sportive behavioral correlates of the model of Commitment (Scanlan et al., 1976), this study tries to establish the relationship between motivation and commitment in youth sport. For this purpose 454 young competitive soccer players answered the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) and the Sport Commitment Questionnaire (SCQ) during the regular season. The SMS measures the three dimensions of the Motivational continuum (the Amotivation, the Extrinsic Motivation and the Intrinsic Motivation). The SCQ measures the Sportive Commitment and its composing factors such as the Enjoyment, the Alternatives to the sport, and the Social Pressure. Our findings provided a clear pattern of the influence of motivation in sport enjoyment and commitment, outlining the positive contribution of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation to enjoyment and commitment. Amotivation, contributes positively to alternatives to sport and negatively to enjoyment and commitment. It should be noted that extrinsic motivation has a higher contribution to enjoyment whereas intrinsic motivation has a higher contribution to commitment.Fundamentándose en la teoría de la Autodeterminación (Deci y Ryan, 1985) así como en los correlatos conductuales del modelo de Compromiso (Scanlan et al. 1976), este estudio trata de establecer las relaciones entre motivación y compromiso en jóvenes jugadores de fútbol. Con este propósito 454 jóvenes jugadores de fútbol contestaron la Escala de Motivación Deportiva (SMS) y el Cuestionario de Compromiso Deportivo (SCQ).El SMS mide las tres dimensiones del continuum motivacional (Amotivación, Motivación extrínseca y motivación intrínseca). El SCQ mide el compromiso deportivo y los factores que lo componen, tales como el disfrute, las alternativas al deporte y la presión social. Nuestros resultados proporcionan un patrón claro acerca de la influencia de la motivación en el compromiso y la diversión en el deporte, subrayando la contribución positiva de la motivación intrínseca y extrínseca en la diversión y el compromiso. La amotivación contribuye positivamente a las alternativas al deporte y negativamente a la diversión y el compromiso. Es de destacar que la motivación extrínseca tiene una contribución mayor a la diversión, mientras que la motivación intrínseca tiene una contribución mayor al compromiso.

Objectives-To determine the prevalence and clinical significance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in a large cohort of patients with 'primary' Sjögren's syndrome (SS). Methods-90 consecutive patients (83 female and seven male) were included, with a mean age of 62 years (range 31-80) who prospectively visited our unit. All patients fulfilled the European Community criteria for SS and underwent a complete history, physical examination, as well as biochemical and immunological evaluation for liver disease. Serum from all patients was tested for antibodies to HCV by third generation enzyme linked immunoassay and positivity was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction. Results-Antibodies to HCV were present in 13 (14%) patients with 'primary' SS. When compared with patients without HCV infection, patients with HCV infection presented a higher prevalence of hepatic involvement (100% v 8%, p < 0.05). Transcutaneous liver biopsy was performed in five patients with HCV infection, and specimens obtained showed in all cases a chronic active hepatitis with varying degrees of portal inflammation. Conclusion-HCV infection is frequent in patients with 'primary' SS and liver involvement is present in all these patients. The possible pathogenic role of HCV infection in these patients is still unclear.

The goal was to assess the relation between the acceptance of using gamesmanship and cheating in sports and the type of motivational climate created by coaches and parents. The sample consisted of 110 soccer, basketball, and handball players from the Balearic Islands competition (70 boys, 40 girls; M age = 14.7 yr., SD = 2.1, range 10-19). As for the motivational climate generated by coaches, task climate was negatively related to the acceptance of gamesmanship and cheating, but ego climate was related to higher acceptance. Motivational climate generated by parents was not related to acceptance of cheating or gamesmanship.