The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has overwhelmed health care systems in many countries and bed availability has become a concern. In this context, the present study aimed to analyze the hospitalization and intensive care unit (ICU) times in patients diagnosed with COVID-19. The study covered 55,563 ICU admissions and 238,075 hospitalizations in Brazilian Health System units from February 22, 2020, to June 7, 2021. All the patients had a positive COVID-19 diagnosis. The symptoms analyzed included: fever, dyspnea, low oxygen saturation (SpO2 < 95%), cough, respiratory distress, fatigue, sore throat, diarrhea, vomiting, loss of taste, loss of smell, and abdominal pain. We performed Cox regression in two models (ICU and hospitalization times). Hazard ratios (HRs) and survival curves were calculated by age group. The average stay was 14.4 days for hospitalized patients and 12.4 days for ICU patients. For hospitalized cases, the highest hazard mean values, with a positive correlation, were for symptoms of dyspnea (HR = 1.249; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.225–1.273) and low oxygen saturation (HR = 1.157; 95% CI 1.137–1.178). In the ICU, the highest hazard mean values were for respiratory discomfort (HR = 1.194; 95% CI 1.161–1.227) and abdominal pain (HR = 1.100; 95% CI 1.047–1.156). Survival decreased by an average of 2.27% per day for hospitalization and 3.27% per day for ICU stay. Survival by age group curves indicated that younger patients were more resistant to prolonged hospital stay than older patients. Hospitalization was also lower in younger patients. The mortality rate was higher in males than females. Symptoms related to the respiratory tract were associated with longer hospital stay. This is the first study carried out with a sample of 238,000 COVID-19 positive participants, covering the main symptoms and evaluating the hospitalization and ICU times.
A preocupação com as mudanças climáticas tem suscitado uma série de questões relacionadas aos extremos de precipitação no semiárido brasileiro, cada vez mais discutidas face aos persistentes fenômenos de seca e sua associação. Diante disto, o objetivo do presente estudo é analisar o comportamento da precipitação pluviométrica na Mesorregião Sul Cearense e sua relação com o padrão térmico dos oceanos Atlântico e Pacífico. Foram levantados dados pluviométricos de 21 estações. Posteriormente, foram gerados índices de precipitação pluviométrica, entre eles o DCS, DCU, PCPRTOT. Os índices foram correlacionados com as anomalias de TSM do Atlântico e Pacífico. Os resultados indicam que a porção leste da Mesorregião Sul Cearense apresenta aumento no número de dias consecutivos secos. Quanto a precipitação total anual, verificou-se redução dos volumes pluviométricos. Verificou-se que os índices DCS, DCU e PCPRTOT foram bastante influenciados pelas anomalias de TSM do Atlântico e Pacífico. No que se refere aos dois primeiros, a maior influência se deu na porção central e leste da região. Quanto ao PCPRTOT, 99% dos postos correlacionaram-se com as variações de TSM. Deste modo, constatou-se que a participação dos oceanos Atlântico e Pacífico foram muito importantes para as configurações do regime pluvial verificado na região. Palavras-chave: temperatura de superfície do Mar, eventos de seca, El Niño. AbstractConcern about climate change has raised a number of issues related to precipitation extremes in the Brazilian semiarid region increasingly discussed face persistent drought phenomena and their association. Given this, the objective of this study is to analyze the behavior of rainfall in Southern Mesoregion Cearense and its relation to the thermal pattern of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Later, they were generated rainfall rates, including DCS, DCU, PCPRTOT. The indices were related to SST anomalies in the Atlantic and Pacific. The results indicate that the eastern portion of Mesoregion South Cearense presents increase in dry consecutive days. The total annual rainfall, there was a reduction in rainfall volumes. It was found that the DCS indices, DCU and PCPRINT were heavily influenced by the SST anomalies in the Atlantic and Pacific. With regard to the first two, the greatest influence is given in the central portion and the east region. As to PCPRINT 99% of the posts relate to SST variations. Thus, it was found that the participation of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans were very important to the settings of rainfall patterns found in the region.
A B S T R A C TThe unplanned use of the resources of the caatinga biome has been provoking several environmental degradation processes, which interferes negatively in the physical and biological systems of the semi-arid region. Thus, the present study aimed to analyze the biophysical differences in areas of preserved and degraded caatinga, as well as irrigated and dry farming areas. Two images of the satellite Landsat 8 -Sensor OLI, corresponding to 05/22/2016 and 17/01/2017 were made. In which the reflectance, NDVI and NDWI calculations were applied. The results showed a difference in the values of NDVI and NDWI between the images of 2016 and 2017 according to the different types of vegetation. The areas of caatinga presented predominance of NDVI values from 0.4 to 0.6. Higher NDVI and NDWI characterized irrigated perimeters than in caatinga and dryland areas. Such differences between the analyzed days were the result of the absence and/or low amount of precipitation in the months before the imaging days. As for irrigated agriculture, which has a greater availability of water, than the influence on the nature of plants and in the moisture content present in the soil. Keywords: Semi-arid, biophysical parameters, vegetation. R E S U M OO uso não planejado dos recursos do bioma caatinga vem provocando diversos processos de degradação ambiental, os quais interferem negativamente sobre sistemas físico-naturais e biológicos da região semiárida. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo analisar as diferenças de parâmetros biofísicos em áreas de caatinga preservada e degradada, bem como das áreas de agricultura irrigada e sequeiro. Foram utilizadas duas imagens do satélite Landsat 8 -Sensor OLI, correspondentes aos dias 22/05/2016 e 17/01/2017. Nas quais foram aplicados os cálculos de reflectância, NDVI e NDWI. Os resultados mostraram uma diferença nos valores de NDVI e NDWI entre as imagens de 2016 e 2017 de acordo com os diferentes tipos de vegetação. As áreas de caatinga apresentaram predominância de valores de NDVI de 0,4 a 0,6. Os perímetros irrigados destacaram-se por apresentar NDVI e NDWI maiores do que nas áreas de caatinga e de sequeiro. Tais diferenças entre os dias analisados resultaram da ausência e/ou baixa quantidade de precipitação
It is of extreme relevance to understand the behavior of vegetation for planning and decision-making regarding areas for planting, adequate use of water resources, irrigation and monitoring of vegetation dynamics, for example. In this sense, Remote Sensing (SR) has been a relevant support for the monitoring of ecosystems, since it is observed several researches involving the application of this technique through different mathematical algorithms titled indexes. The new satellites, unmanned vehicles and highresolution cameras that maintains products in the visible (RGB) range bring new perspectives to RS's performance in vegetation, especially in agriculture. Thus, it was developed over the years indices that allowed the detection of vegetation in visible spectral bands and, thus, facilitating agropastoral processes, precision agriculture and the reduction of SR as a whole. Thus, this work aims to review vegetation indices for processing in the RGB range. From the review, the origin of fifteen RGB indices is verified, being designed by diverse needs and equipment, where all reach competitive satisfactory. It is important to note that the developed indexes have improved the RS analyzes, where these improvements have led to new learning that directly contributed to the study of ecosystems, especially vegetation environments. The RS's dynamism makes it an innovation gimmick, in which, through demands and demands, new indices can be created by contributing to the maintenance and provision of social, economic and ecological activities.
Introdução: O novo coronavírus (SARS-CoV-2) chegou ao Brasil e as medidas para enfrentamento da disseminação estão sendo executadas. É importante a observação da estrutura hospitalar para potencializar tomadas de decisão e, nessa ação, o planejamento territorial deve ser incluído, dando o devido suporte. Objetivo: Analisar como o planejamento territorial pode auxiliar ao combate da COVID-19 em Pernambuco, tendo como base as informações vitais a saúde da população e as boas práticas existentes na literatura epidemiológica. Método: A metodologia envolveu o geoprocessamento junto à coleta de dados de leitos hospitalares e à população local nos municípios. Resultados: Dos 158 municípios, 33 possuem acima de 100 leitos. Quando se filtra apenas os leitos complementares, ou seja, leitos de complexidade mais elevada, observa-se a ausência desses leitos em aproximadamente 80,0% dos municípios. Além disso, a partir do planejamento territorial é possível verificar nos municípios, cidades referências para possíveis incentivos de saúde e criação de complexos sanitários além-capital. Conclusões:Aspectos como destinação de recursos à saúde, incentivos em novas estruturas hospitalares e implementação de políticas para o isolamento social podem ser levantados como opções possíveis ao enfrentamento do novo coronavírus, contudo, sabe-se que muitas prefeituras não têm caixa para fortalecer seu sistema de saúde em um curto período de tempo, medida esta que deve ser executada pelo governo estadual e/ou federal em ações conjuntas.Além do isolamento social, a utilização de estruturas hospitalares emergenciais pode ser uma alternativa temporária para frear o avanço da COVID-19 no interior e/ou desafogar o sistema de saúde na capital e seu entorno.
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