Two-dimensional (2D) layered ultrathin bismuth oxychloride nanoplate (BiOCl-UTN) photocatalysts are highly active only under ultraviolet light (energy band gap E g: 3.0–3.1 eV). Herein, unlike using conventional closed-vessel high-temperature synthetic routes, we prepared unprecedented well-crystalline 2D Fe3+ ion-incorporated BiOCl-UTNs [Fe­(III)-BiOCl-UTNs] having ultrathin thicknesses of about 4–5 nm and planar sizes of about 30–50 nm in an open vessel at room temperature and then used in photocatalysis under visible light. The present approach is poly­(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS)-aided, in which the formation of the distinct intermediate composite [PSS-Bi­(OCH2CH2OH)-Fe3+] significantly inhibits the habitual spontaneous growth of BiOCl along the ⟨001⟩ plane and results in Fe­(III)-BiOCl-UTNs. The synthesis shows robust reproducibility and allows large-scale production (5.2 g) with a well-controlled morphology, size, and thickness. Instead of using a tedious high-speed centrifugation process, the Fe­(III)-BiOCl-UTN product is obtained via electrolyte sedimentation which is facile and cost-effective. The successful doping of Fe3+ ions into BiOCl-UTNs, the sustainable layered structure, and the stable lattice arrangement endow Fe­(III)-BiOCl-UTNs with a narrower band gap (E g: 2.55 eV). As-prepared Fe­(III)-BiOCl-UTNs exhibit enhanced separation of photoexcited electrons–holes, rapid transfer of excited electrons to the surface, and significant potential to suppress electron–hole recombination. Consequently, under visible light, Fe­(III)-BiOCl-UTNs achieved a substantially improved catalytic performance (>99%, five-cycle recyclability) to photoreduce Cr­(VI) ions and photodegrade rhodamine B from aqueous solutions. The present performance surpasses pristine BiOCl-UTNs and state-of-the-art photocatalysts. Moreover, we disclosed the morphological optimization, predominant role of e– and •O2 radicals, and typical photocatalytic reaction mechanism. This work offers the first facile and cost-effective alternative to fabricate the iron-doped layered photocatalyst with superior catalytic activity, extendable for other functional materials and diverse practical applications.

| Energy requirement, fuel prices, global warming, emission of green house gases and decrease the sources of fossil fuel are the major problems of these days. Due to increased population, urbanization and industrialization energy sources decrease gradually. Major portion of energy come from fossil fuel and to achieve the requirements of energy to find new source. Biodiesel is alternative renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and eco-friendly of environment. Jatropha curcas is highly source to produce biodiesel which oil content up to 40 %. Normally trans-estrification process is used for biodiesel production. Main three types of catalyst were used for the production of biodiesel like as Heterogeneous, enzymes and homogenous. Process selection, catalyst, reaction time, Molar ratio are the main factor for biodiesel production. There are many nano catalyst used for biodiesel production with different yield 83.2 to 99. Pakistan 5% introduced blended biodiesel in 2015 and also increase 10% in 2025. Homogenous catalyst like as NaoH applied for the production of biodiesel from jatropha oil seed maximum recovery was 85%, reaction time 1 to 2 h at 65 o C temperature.

As many as seven 500-kg-Belgian-Blue-Crossbreed-bulls aged four years old were kept in a mooring cage and served with forage and concentrate (CP 16%) at 10% and 3% to the body weight, respectively. There were also added some egg yolk citrate diluent of 2.9% (v/v), Sodium citrate dihydrate buffer, 100 mL of distilled water, and an egg yolk mixture to a proportion of 20% egg yolk 8% (v/v) glycerol (Merck, Germany), penicillin (1,000 IU/mL), and streptomycin (1,000 mg/mL). Sperm was diluted to 50 million/mL and treated with lycopene extract levels of 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% in a diluent, equilibrated at the temperature of 5°C for 4 hours, packed in 0.25 ml straw, and refrozen into liquid nitrogen vapor about 5 cm above the liquid nitrogen surface for 10 minutes. Freezing was run by immersing the forage in liquid nitrogen for 24 hours before the post-thawing examination. Results showed that spermatozoa diluted with egg yolk citrate supplemented with 3% lycopene (P3) had better quality than that found in the other four treatments, namely motility before freezing (70.86%) and post thawing (53.00%); viability before freezing (76.00%) and post thawing (60. 14%); plasma membrane integrity before freezing (71.29%) and post thawing (59.86%); and also showed the lowest abnormality level before freezing and post-thawing, (17.29%) and (24.14%), respectively.