Extractive denitrogenation (EDN) of fuel oils using ILs is reviewed. EDN using ILs is a promising technology for the elimination of N-compounds from fuel oils.

Chitosan; an organic biopolymer, a natural biodegradable material with high molecular weight was derived and extracted locally from Indian prawn (Fenneropenaeus Indicus) through deacetylation process. Chitosan carries charges at different pH levels, below pH 6.5 it carries strong cationic charges and above this pH strong anionic charges, therefore it has strong affinity for ions because it comprises of sequenced amino groups (-NH 2) and hydroxyl groups (-OH). In present study, extracted chitosan was characterized by FTIR, SEM and EDS, the same was successfully applied for the treatment of industrial waste water of ghee industry located in SITE area of Hyderabad (Sindh), Pakistan. The experimental conditions such as; chitosan dosage, optimum pH and mixing times were examined for flocculation process. The chitosan showed marked difference by successfully flocculated the negatively charged suspended particles, thereby reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) and Conductivity levels in industrial waste water. The secondary parameter equally important determined was Dissolved Oxygen (DO) which is required to sustain aquatic life. The experimental optimum conditions were obtained at 1% chitosan in 1M acetic acid, pH 4 and 5 minutes of mixing time at 1000 rpm and 25 minutes of settling time. The highest flocculation efficiency of chitosan observed under these conditions was 80.1% COD removal, 91.8% Turbidity removal, 72.5% TDS removal and 73.7% reduction in conductivity. It is found to absorb grease, toxic material, fats and oils. The main advantages of chitosan are; biodegradability, nontoxic in nature having fast settling velocity, low dosage, high removal efficiency, being economical, and cost efficient.

Bis(isovalerylacetone)ethylenediimine Nickel (II) (IVA(2)enNi) was examined as a mixed stationary phase with OV1 on Chromosorb G/NAW 60-80 mesh size for gas chromatography (GC) separation of aromatic hydrocarbons, heteroaromatics, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, esters, nitro-, and amino compounds. Forty-six compounds were examined, and the GC results were compared with those obtained with 3% OV1 on Chromosorb G/NAW 60-80 mesh size under similar operating conditions. Improved resolutions, peak asymmetry, number of theoretical plates, and Kovats indices were obtained on the mixed stationary phase 3% OV1 + 5% IVA(2)enNi (w/w) compared to 3% OV1 column. The stability constant (K(m)), enthalpies (DeltaH), entropies (DeltaS), and Gibbs free energies (DeltaG) of the GC elution on column (2 m x 3 mm i.d.) packed with 3% OV1 + 5% IVA(2)enNi (w/w) on Chromosorb have been calculated. Donor-acceptor complexation in the gas phase indicated by the negative values of enthalpy (-DeltaH) were within 9.4-12.38 Kcal/mol, and Gibbs free energy (-DeltaG) ranged from 1.48 to 4.24 Kcal/mol. The retention time transformation on both the phases were calculated. The obtained ratios from the stationary phases 3% OV1 and 3% OV1 + 5% IVA(2)enNi (w/w) were plotted on the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Two-dimensional chromatographic plots for alkanes, aromatics, heteroaromatics, ketones, alcohols, esters, and nitro compounds were obtained with coefficient of determination within 0.4934 and 0.9617, which is indicative of some different kinds of interaction of two stationary phases with the solutes.

| Energy requirement, fuel prices, global warming, emission of green house gases and decrease the sources of fossil fuel are the major problems of these days. Due to increased population, urbanization and industrialization energy sources decrease gradually. Major portion of energy come from fossil fuel and to achieve the requirements of energy to find new source. Biodiesel is alternative renewable, biodegradable, non-toxic and eco-friendly of environment. Jatropha curcas is highly source to produce biodiesel which oil content up to 40 %. Normally trans-estrification process is used for biodiesel production. Main three types of catalyst were used for the production of biodiesel like as Heterogeneous, enzymes and homogenous. Process selection, catalyst, reaction time, Molar ratio are the main factor for biodiesel production. There are many nano catalyst used for biodiesel production with different yield 83.2 to 99. Pakistan 5% introduced blended biodiesel in 2015 and also increase 10% in 2025. Homogenous catalyst like as NaoH applied for the production of biodiesel from jatropha oil seed maximum recovery was 85%, reaction time 1 to 2 h at 65 o C temperature.

As many as seven 500-kg-Belgian-Blue-Crossbreed-bulls aged four years old were kept in a mooring cage and served with forage and concentrate (CP 16%) at 10% and 3% to the body weight, respectively. There were also added some egg yolk citrate diluent of 2.9% (v/v), Sodium citrate dihydrate buffer, 100 mL of distilled water, and an egg yolk mixture to a proportion of 20% egg yolk 8% (v/v) glycerol (Merck, Germany), penicillin (1,000 IU/mL), and streptomycin (1,000 mg/mL). Sperm was diluted to 50 million/mL and treated with lycopene extract levels of 0% (control), 1%, 2%, 3%, and 4% in a diluent, equilibrated at the temperature of 5°C for 4 hours, packed in 0.25 ml straw, and refrozen into liquid nitrogen vapor about 5 cm above the liquid nitrogen surface for 10 minutes. Freezing was run by immersing the forage in liquid nitrogen for 24 hours before the post-thawing examination. Results showed that spermatozoa diluted with egg yolk citrate supplemented with 3% lycopene (P3) had better quality than that found in the other four treatments, namely motility before freezing (70.86%) and post thawing (53.00%); viability before freezing (76.00%) and post thawing (60. 14%); plasma membrane integrity before freezing (71.29%) and post thawing (59.86%); and also showed the lowest abnormality level before freezing and post-thawing, (17.29%) and (24.14%), respectively.