The immune mechanisms that underlie resistance and susceptibility to cysticercosis are not completely understood. In this paper, using susceptible BALB/c mice and resistant STAT6-/-BALB/c mice, we have analyzed the role of nitric oxide (NO) in determining the outcome of murine cysticercosis caused by the cestode Taenia crassiceps. After T. crassiceps infection, wild-type BALB/c mice developed a strong Th2-like response, produced high levels of IgG1, IgE, IL-5, IL-4, and discrete levels of NO, and remained susceptible to T. crassiceps infection. In contrast, similarly infected BALB/c mice treated with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase) mounted a similar immune response but with lower levels of NO and harbored nearly 100% more parasites than N(omega)-nitro-D-arginine methyl ester (D-NAME, inactive enantiomer)-treated mice. To further analyze the role of NO in murine cysticercosis, we treated STAT6-/-male mice (known to be highly resistant to T. crassiceps) with L-NAME during 8 weeks of infection. As expected, STAT6-/-mice mounted a strong Th1-like response, produced high levels of IgG2a, IFN-gamma, and IL-17, whereas their macrophages displayed increased transcripts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and efficiently controlled T. crassiceps infection. However, STAT6-/-male mice receiving L-NAME mounted a similar immune response but with lower iNOS transcripts concomitantly with decreased levels of NO in sera and displayed significantly higher parasite burdens. These findings suggest that macrophage activation and NO production are effector mechanisms that importantly contribute in host resistance to T. crassiceps infection. The immune mechanisms that underlie resistance and susceptibility to cysticercosis are not completely understood. In this paper, using susceptible BALB/c mice and resistant STAT6-/-BALB/c mice, we have analyzed the role of nitric oxide (NO) in determining the outcome of murine cysticercosis caused by the cestode Taenia crassiceps. After T. crassiceps infection, wild-type BALB/c mice developed a strong Th2-like response, produced high levels of IgG1, IgE, IL-5, IL-4, and discrete levels of NO, and remained susceptible to T. crassiceps infection. In contrast, similarly infected BALB/c mice treated with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, an inhibitor of NO synthase) mounted a similar immune response but with lower levels of NO and harbored nearly 100% more parasites than N(omega)-nitro-d-arginine methyl ester (D-NAME, inactive enantiomer)-treated mice. To further analyze the role of NO in murine cysticercosis, we treated STAT6-/-male mice (known to be highly resistant to T. crassiceps) with L-NAME during 8 weeks of infection. As expected, STAT6-/-mice mounted a strong Th1-like response, produced high levels of IgG2a, IFN-gamma, and IL-17, whereas their macrophages displayed increased transcripts of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and efficien...

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<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> Las competencias investigativas incluyen valores y actitudes, habilidades cognitivas y habilidades procedimentales. El docente debe ser facilitador del aprendizaje. <strong>Objetivo.</strong> Analizar las principales competencias en investigación cuantitativa que, durante seis foros de difusión científica, desarrollaron estudiantes de Enfermería, en una institución de educación superior en México. <strong>Metodología.</strong> Estudio observacional, transversal, prospectivo y analítico. Unidades de información; resúmenes integrados a las memorias de foros de investigación. Muestra. 198 resúmenes de trabajos de investigación incluidos en las memorias de los foros XVII a XXII. <strong>Resultados.</strong> La competencia para trabajar en equipo está bien desarrollada en los estudiantes, pues en la mayoría de los casos los equipos se integran por 3, 4 o 5 estudiantes. 47% de los trabajos sintetizaron bien su estudio. El 61.1% de los trabajos usó software especializado. El 68.7% con enfoque cuantitativo, 31.3% cualitativos, 89.9% sin intervención, 40.4% tamaños de muestra mayor a 30 unidades de estudio, 89.4% muestreos no probabilísticos, 20.2% aplicó pruebas de hipótesis, 15.7% interpretó correctamente el valor “p” y 88.9% fue coherente objetivo, resultados y conclusiones. <strong>Conclusiones.</strong> Predomina el trabajo en equipo, las habilidades cognitivas son deficientes y las habilidades procedimentales, relacionadas con la metodología y el manejo de software especializado, es apenas suficiente. Se observó una tendencia hacia el uso de diseños sencillos, sin intervenciones, con escases de procedimientos que permitan la inferencia estadística, omisión de pruebas de hipótesis e interpretaciones incorrectas de conceptos estadísticos importantes para el análisis de datos.</p>

<div>Resumen&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>El plan de estudios de la carrera de Enfermer&iacute;a en la Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, se orienta con mayor &eacute;nfasis hacia el desempe&ntilde;o asistencial, y con menor intensidad hacia otros roles profesionales como el investigativo, eso puede representar un obst&aacute;culo para el aprendizaje de los contenidos de los m&oacute;dulos de metodolog&iacute;a de la investigaci&oacute;n e investigaci&oacute;n en Enfermer&iacute;a. Esta investigaci&oacute;n tiene como objetivo analizar el nivel de actitud hacia la investigaci&oacute;n cient&iacute;fica que presentan estudiantes de Enfermer&iacute;a y su relaci&oacute;n con la evaluaci&oacute;n diagn&oacute;stica y sumativa.</div><div>Metodolog&iacute;a. Estudio observacional, transversal, prospectivo y anal&iacute;tico. El nivel investigativo es relacional. Nuestras variables de inter&eacute;s fueron la actitud hacia la investigaci&oacute;n cient&iacute;fica, la evaluaci&oacute;n diagn&oacute;stica y la sumativa. Se dise&ntilde;&oacute; y valid&oacute; un instrumento que fue aplicado a una muestra de 32 estudiantes seleccionada por conveniencia. Se concluye que la actitud hacia la investigaci&oacute;n no se correlaciona con el resultado de la evaluaci&oacute;n diagn&oacute;stica ni sumativa por lo que el rendimiento acad&eacute;mico est&aacute; determinado por factores tradicionales como el esfuerzo individual y el aprendizaje aut&oacute;nomo m&aacute;s que por la actitud hacia la investigaci&oacute;n.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>Abstract&nbsp;</div><div><br /></div><div>The study plan of Nursing in the Faculty of Top Studies Iztacala, is orientated by major emphasis towards the welfare performance, and by minor intensity towards other professional roles as the researching, it can represent an obstacle for the learning of the contents of the modules of methodology of research and nursing research.</div><div>This study has as aim analyze the level of attitude towards the scientific research that there present nursing students and his relation with the diagnostic evaluation and formal.</div><div>Methodology. Study non-experimental, cross sectional, prospective and analytical. Research level relational. Our variables of interest were the attitude towards the scientific research, the diagnostic evaluation and formal. There was designed and validated an instrument that was applied to a sample of 32 students selected by convenience. We concludes that the attitude towards the research is not correlated by results of diagnostic evaluation and formal, therefore the academic performance is determined by traditional factors as the individual effort and the autonomous learning more than for the attitude towards research.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>