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Background:Phyllanthus emblica, Camellia sinensis, Mangifera indica, Punica granatum, and Acacia catechu have been shown to possess widespread pharmacological application against multitude of diseases namely cancer, diabetes, liver disorders, and oxidative stress.Objective:We evaluated the hepatoprotective activity of the standardized herbal extracts against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BH) induced toxicity and their mechanism of hepatoprotective action in human hepatocarcinoma cells (HepG2 cell line).Materials and Methods:The hepatoprotective activity was studied by observing the effect of these herbal extracts on t-BH induced reduction in cell viability of HepG2 cells. In addition, the reducing power of the extracts and their ability to scavenge free radicals were evaluated using two antioxidant assay systems: cell free [oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and [2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid)] (ABTS)] and cell based [cellular antioxidant activity (CAA)].Results and Discussion:The results obtained showed that these extracts possess significant hepatoprotective activity. This may indicate that the plant extracts contain compounds, which can remove toxic metabolites following t-BH induced toxicity. The extracts exhibited significant antioxidant property as evident by the Trolox values and effective scavenging of DPPH and ABTS radicals. The extracts also demonstrated inhibition of AAPH-induced fluorescence in HepG2 cells. These results indicate the ability of the plant extracts to protect the liver cells from chemical-induced damage, which might be correlated to their radical scavenging potential.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that these extracts have potential hepatoprotective activity which is mainly attributed to the antioxidant potential, which might occur by reduction of lipid peroxidation and cellular damage.

Context: Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels (Myrtaceae), commonly known as jamun, is an Indian plant, traditionally well known for its medicinal properties including antidiabetic activity. Objective: To isolate the antidiabetic compounds from Syzygium cumini seeds and evaluate their activity using aldose reductase (AR) and protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibition assays. Materials and methods:The dried seeds were extracted with methanol and partitioned with ethyl acetate, butanol, and water. The extracts were screened for antidiabetic activity at a concentration of 100 mg/mL using in vitro AR and PTP 1B inhibition assays. Results and discussion: The highly enriched fractions obtained from broad ethyl acetate fraction yielded maslinic acid (1), 5-(hydroxymethyl) furfural (2), gallic acid (3), valoneic acid dilactone (4), rubuphenol (5), and ellagic acid (6). Structures were elucidated by 1 H-NMR and 13 C-NMR. The initial ethyl acetate fraction showed AR inhibitory activity with the IC 50 value of 2.50 mg/mL and PTP1B enzyme inhibition with the IC 50 value of 26.36 mg/mL. Compounds 3, 4, 5, and 6 were found to inhibit AR with IC 50 values of 0.77, 0.075, 0.165, and 0.12 mg/mL while the compounds 4, 5, and 6 inhibited PTP1B with IC 50 values of 9.37, 28.14, and 25.96 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion:The results of this study demonstrate that the isolated constituents show promising in vitro antidiabetic activity and, therefore, can be candidates for in vivo biological screening using relevant models to ascertain their antidiabetic activity.

Antifeedant and growth inhibitory effects of various neo-clerodane diterpenoids having a furofuran moiety, isolated from Clerodendron spp., were studied using Earias vitella and Spodoptera litura. The compounds clerodendrin B, 3-epicaryoptin, 15-hydroxyepicaryoptin, and clerodin were effective antifeedants at 10 microg/cm(3) (30 microg/g) of diet against E. vitella and at 10 microg/cm(2) of leaf against S. litura. All of the tested compounds, namely, clerodendrin B, 3-epicaryoptin, clerodendrin C, 15-hydroxyepicaryoptin, clerodendrin B acetate, and clerodin, showed good insect growth inhibitory activity even at lower concentrations.

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