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Our aim was to assess brain myo-inositol/creatine plus phosphocreatine (Cr) in the first week in term infants with neonatal encephalopathy using localized short echo time proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy and to relate this to measures of brain injury, specifically lactate/Cr in the first week, basal ganglia changes on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 y. Fourteen term infants with neonatal encephalopathy of gestational age (mean Ϯ SD) 39.6 Ϯ 1.6 wk, birth weight 3270 Ϯ 490 g, underwent MRI and magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3.5 Ϯ 2.1 d. Five infants were entered in a pilot study of treatment with moderate whole-body hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy; two were being cooled at the time of the scan. T 1 -and T 2 -weighted transverse magnetic resonance images were graded as normal or abnormal according to the presence or absence of the normal signal intensity of the posterior limb of the internal capsule and signal intensity changes in the basal ganglia. Localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were obtained from an 8-cm 3 voxel in the basal ganglia using echo times of 40 and 270 ms, and the peak area ratios of myo-inositol/Cr and lactate/Cr were measured. Outcome was scored using Griffith's development scales and neurodevelopmental examination at 1 y. MRI and outcome were normal in six infants and abnormal in eight. myo-Inositol/Cr and lactate/Cr were higher in infants with abnormal MRI and outcome (p Ͻ 0.01, p Ͻ 0.01, respectively). myo-Inositol/Cr and lactate/Cr were correlated (p Ͻ 0.01) and were both correlated to the Griffith's developmental scales (p Ͻ 0.01, p Ͻ 0.01, respectively). In conclusion, these preliminary data suggest that early increases in brain basal ganglia myo-inositol/Cr in infants with neonatal encephalopathy are associated with increased lactate/Cr, MRI changes of severe injury, and a poor neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 y. (Pediatr Res 50: 692-700, 2001) Abbreviations MRS, magnetic resonance spectroscopy HI, hypoxia-ischemia MRI, magnetic resonance imaging TE, echo time PLIC, posterior limb of the internal capsule Cr, creatine plus phosphocreatine NAA, N-acetyl-aspartate NE, neonatal encephalopathy SMIT, Na ϩ /myo-inositol cotransporter MR, magnetic resonance OS, optimality score SI, signal intensity PRESS, point-resolved spectroscopy Cho, choline-containing compounds DQ, development quotient Cellular adaptation to osmotic stress is a vital process that protects cells from the effects of dehydration or edema. To maintain homeostasis cells produce osmolytes, molecules designed to create osmolality without compromising other cell functions (1).Osmolytes appear to be especially important in the brain as alterations in ion composition would affect excitability. myoInositol is one of the major osmolytes present in the CNS; others include sorbitol, taurine, betaine, and glycerophosphocholine.myo-Inositol transport inside cells comprises uptake, which is selective and actively driven by SMIT (2), and efflux, which is nonselective and...

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have an unfavourable outcome. Cortical, thalamic and WM tissue labels were generated by neonatal atlas-based automated segmentation of the T2-weighted images [1]. Tissue labels were propagated onto the diffusion maps. FA and MD values were determined. Linear regression was performed to assess the correlation between FA/MD and DQ. Estimation of unfavourable outcome with FA/MD in WM and GM was examined using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. Results Following correction for multiple comparisons and age at scan significant correlation was found between DQ and FA in WM (p = 0.0002), and MD in thalami (p = 0.0002) and cortex (p = 0.005). ROC analysis to estimate unfavourable outcome showed larger area under the curve (AUC) for FA in WM, than MD in GM (Figure and Table). Conclusion These data show that FA in WM and MD in GM may be used as biomarkers of outcome following HIE. Background and aims Docosahexanoic acid (DHA) is a major component of membrane phospholipids and critical for fetal neuro-development. It accumulates during late pregnancy and may protect against oxidative damage to biomembranes. Isoprostanes, neuroprostanes, and neurofurans have all become attractive biomarkers of oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation in brain tissues. Lately also F 2 -dihomo-isoprostanes have emerged as an in vivo biomarker of free radical damage to myelin in white matter. Methods Global hypoxia was induced in newborn piglets (age 12-36 h) until Base Excess -20 mmol/L or mean arterial blood pressure <20 mmHg. One group (n = 11) was resuscitated with ambient air and another (n = 10) received in addition DHA 5 mg/kg 4 h after start of resuscitation. The piglets were followed for 9½ h after end of hypoxia. Results Treatment with 5 mg/kg DHA 4 h after severe hypoxia significantly attenuated lipid peroxidation in tissues from cortex and hippocampus. There were less Isoprostanes in cortex and hippocampus in compared with reoxygenation with air (21%) alone, p = 0.041 in cortex and p = 0.006 in hippocampus. Neuroprostanes were lower in cortex in the DHA treated group, p = 0.047. F 2 -dihomo-Isoprostane, an indicator of white matter damage, was significantly lower in tissue from hippocampus in the DHA treated group, p = 0.035.

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