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Purpose-The prevalence of virtual learning environments (VLEs) in higher education is well-documented and has been promoted in the UK by government-funded projects, but there has been little empirical research on the level of involvement of subject librarians with VLEs. The survey was designed to investigate how VLEs are affecting the work of subject librarians and to examine factors influencing their use in providing electronic information resources and developing information skills. Design/methodology/approach-A questionnaire was distributed electronically to a purposive sample of 132 subject librarians at seven UK universities. The instrument contained mainly closed specified-response questions with a few open questions and obtained a response rate of 43% (n=57). Findings-Use of VLEs by subject librarians varies both between and within institutions. Factors affecting this include the subject area, cooperation of academic staff and attitudes of librarians towards technology-based teaching. JISC-funded projects have enabled better use of VLEs through the creation of re-usable learning objects and development of pedagogical understanding and skills. Recognition by academic staff of the teaching role of subject librarians has a critical impact on their involvement with VLEs. Research limitations-The timeframe limited the scale of the study and size of the sample. The mainly quantitative approach limited the detail and depth of responses, but sufficient data were collected to establish broad trends, illuminate important factors and identify key issues. Originality/value-The study provides empirical evidence of how VLEs are affecting the day-today activities of subject librarians and suggests areas where further research would be valuable.

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