Highlights: Análisis arqueológico y constructivo del castillo, documentando gráficamente su evolución sobre documentos 2D y 3D con tecnología HBIM. Se muestra el flujo de trabajo para la obtención de la documentación 3D mediante fotogrametría de imágenes múltiples capturadas con UAV. Se describen las ventajas de los modelos PDF-3D como recurso digital para compartir la información 3D georreferenciada de forma fácil y compatible. Abstract:This paper presents an applied methodology for the graphic documentation, analysis and criteria determination for the protection and conservation of built heritage. One of the main risks when restoring medieval rammed earth architecture is the lacking of an optimal graphic base of its structures. This paper's main objective is the holistic knowledge of the Píñar fortress (Granada), analysis the building sequence from an archaeological perspective, and performing a rigorous 3D survey of its structures as a fundamental procedure. This survey was carried out applying the new technologies in graphic documentation: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based multi-image photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) processing. The new systems of aerial three-dimensional (3D) capture and representation are changing the paradigm in the architectural heritage documentation, being much more efficient and precise. This high-quality documentation is fundamental for the archaeological research of the fortress' building sequence, remarkably easing research as well as results dissemination. The constructive techniques and building sequence study made with archaeological methodology has revealed the complex historical evolution of Píñar fortress, since it was built in the Almohad period, with important transformations in Nasrid and Castilian periods. These alterations in such a narrow span of time shed light on the importance of this fortification in the border organization in the Late Middle Ages. The experimentation with Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools applied to heritage (HBIM) is showing its great potential in processing data linked to conceptual models, integrating graphic documentation with archaeological and historical interpretation. Nevertheless, the complexity of historical buildings and the hard work of manual modelling are making its wider use in archaeology difficult. The BIM model of Píñar fortress has been enriched with data such as type of material, building technique, chronology, pathologies and modifications, differentiating the historical phases with specific colours to make its identification easier. Its aim is to acquire a better knowledge of the fortress historical evolution, thus allowing the creation of conservation and protection strategies. The holistic knowledge of a building is a complex task that requires the work of different professionals. The ones in charge of the graphic documentation must know the survey objectives and the needs of the rest of the team. The current and future management of heritage requires professionals working on conservation with upda...

La innovación y el fuerte desarrollo en torno a las herramientas de digitalización, modelado digital e impresión 3D que se viene desarrollando en los últimos años han supuesto beneficios más que evidentes en especial de cara al estudio, la conservación y, muy especialmente, dentro del ámbito de la difusión del patrimonio arqueológico en general. En este trabajo exploramos cómo la combinación de la fotogrametría Structure From Motion, el modelado 3D y la impresión 3D por adición de material permite crear una metodología de trabajo para crear réplicas de pequeños artefactos de cultura material a bajo costo y fácilmente adaptables tiflológicamente para que sean accesibles para personas invidentes o con hipovisión. Esto abre unas interesantes perspectivas de futuro para hacer la Arqueología y el Patrimonio más accesible para todos.

RESUMENEste artículo tiene como objetivo realizar el análisis de la secuencia constructiva de la torre-puerta de la alcazaba medieval de Guadix (Granada). Para ello, se efectuó un levantamiento tridimensional de la estructura mediante fotogrametría, una lectura estratigráfica d e paramentos e n p rofundidad y una caracterización de técnicas constructivas. Esto nos ha permitido comprobar que la torre-puerta tiene una compleja evolución histórica, lo que hace posible comprender mejor la historia de la alcazaba accitana desde su erección en época zirí hasta la actualidad, con importantes transformaciones en época almohade, nazarí, castellana y contemporánea. ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to analyze the building sequence of the gate tower of the medieval alcazaba of Guadix (Granada). To achieve this, we have made a tridimensional mapping of the structure through photogrammetry, an in deep stratigraphic analysis of the walls and a characterization of building techniques. These have allowed us to prove that the gate tower has a complex historic evolution, that makes possible to get a better understanding of the history of the alcazaba, from its construction in Zirid period to current times, with major transformations in Almohad, Nasrid, Castilian and Contemporary periods.

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Spatial analysis of Kingdom of Granada’s coastal defensive system in Nasrid period and its transformation after the Castilian conquestThe coast of the Kingdom of Granada was a border of importance in Nasrid times and it was also a zone to be protected after the Castilian conquest, mostly against piracy. To control the sea, the successive rulers would build a system of fortresses and watchtowers. The objective of this paper is to apply spatial analysis to the defense system of the southern coasts of Granada and Almeria from the fifteenth to seventeenth century, focusing in its evolution. To achieve this objective, we will use historical documentation and archaeological record as main data for the spatial analysis carried out by a GIS software, mainly visibility and distribution. With this approach we expect to add new insights to this topic and stablish a base for further research and comparison with other neighboring areas of the Kingdom of Granada.