Levantamiento arquitectónico y análisis arqueológico del castillo de Píñar como punto de partida para su conservación

Abstract

Highlights: Análisis arqueológico y constructivo del castillo, documentando gráficamente su evolución sobre documentos 2D y 3D con tecnología HBIM. Se muestra el flujo de trabajo para la obtención de la documentación 3D mediante fotogrametría de imágenes múltiples capturadas con UAV. Se describen las ventajas de los modelos PDF-3D como recurso digital para compartir la información 3D georreferenciada de forma fácil y compatible. Abstract:This paper presents an applied methodology for the graphic documentation, analysis and criteria determination for the protection and conservation of built heritage. One of the main risks when restoring medieval rammed earth architecture is the lacking of an optimal graphic base of its structures. This paper's main objective is the holistic knowledge of the Píñar fortress (Granada), analysis the building sequence from an archaeological perspective, and performing a rigorous 3D survey of its structures as a fundamental procedure. This survey was carried out applying the new technologies in graphic documentation: Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based multi-image photogrammetry and Structure-from-Motion (SfM) processing. The new systems of aerial three-dimensional (3D) capture and representation are changing the paradigm in the architectural heritage documentation, being much more efficient and precise. This high-quality documentation is fundamental for the archaeological research of the fortress' building sequence, remarkably easing research as well as results dissemination. The constructive techniques and building sequence study made with archaeological methodology has revealed the complex historical evolution of Píñar fortress, since it was built in the Almohad period, with important transformations in Nasrid and Castilian periods. These alterations in such a narrow span of time shed light on the importance of this fortification in the border organization in the Late Middle Ages. The experimentation with Building Information Modelling (BIM) tools applied to heritage (HBIM) is showing its great potential in processing data linked to conceptual models, integrating graphic documentation with archaeological and historical interpretation. Nevertheless, the complexity of historical buildings and the hard work of manual modelling are making its wider use in archaeology difficult. The BIM model of Píñar fortress has been enriched with data such as type of material, building technique, chronology, pathologies and modifications, differentiating the historical phases with specific colours to make its identification easier. Its aim is to acquire a better knowledge of the fortress historical evolution, thus allowing the creation of conservation and protection strategies. The holistic knowledge of a building is a complex task that requires the work of different professionals. The ones in charge of the graphic documentation must know the survey objectives and the needs of the rest of the team. The current and future management of heritage requires professionals working on conservation with upda...

Pathologic and Risk Analysis of the Lojuela Castle (Granada-Spain): Methodology and Preventive Conservation for Medieval Earthen Fortifications

“…The equipment used was a DJI Phantom 2 Vision+ drone that incorporates an FC200 camera with a 1/2.3" sensor and 14 megapixels (4384 × 3288) of geometric resolution for a field of view of 110 • . In the three-dimensional modeling obtained and in the associated planimetries, volumetric and formal characteristics were indicated, as well as data that provide information on the material, construction technique [112][113][114] and state of conservation. A digital mapping of natural hazards was carried out using spatial analysis processesinterpolation, kernel density, extrapolation, intersection and dissolution-based on primary coverage from information sources and secondary risk mapping in macrozoning and microzoning.…”

Investigaciones en el proyecto de restauración de la antigua sala capitular y panteón del monasterio de Santa Clara de la Columna de Belalcázar (Córdoba)

“…Tras ortogonalizar y llevar a una escala gráfica todo el conjunto arquitectónico y tomar medidas directas con precisión, se han podido establecer lecturas materiales que hasta ahora nunca se habían realizado. Todo este trabajo se ha llevado a cabo tomando georreferencias con el fin de poder tener este documento gráfico siempre abierto y en proceso de trabajo (Benavides et al 2020). Paralelamente, aunque no ha reportado resultados en esta fase de la investigación, se ha llevado a cabo un volcado de datos a sistema BIM (Building Information Modelling) LOD 200, con el fin de poder generar un sistema de trabajo no concluso con lo desarrollado hasta ahora.…”

Almoravid Works on Defensive Architecture in Southeast Al-Andalus: Analysis of Their Remains and Proposal for Preventive Conservation

“…As for the wall located in La Hoya valley, it is made of lime-stabilized rammed-earth walls, 2.7 m wide and approximately 5 m high. As in the case of the stretch of the Cerro de San Cristóbal, some points of this fence are directly supported on the rock, while in the central part and in the stretch that ascends towards the Cerro de San Cristóbal it has wall footings of 1.5 m. The rock is 2 and 3 m deep in its central part, and covered with landfills due to its location on a dry creek [74] (p. 19). The walls on both sides were covered with a lime mortar, almost lost throughout its entire surface.…”

“…Despite the legal and patrimonial recognition of protection established in the last decades, and the tutelary attempts at safeguarding [15,16], Almoravid defensive heritage is currently in an uneven state of conservation and is at serious risk of losing its most essential values [17]. Although the conservation obligations that legally fall on their owners are mandatory, the archaeological nature of these ensembles, the complexity when assigning a contemporary function, their situation in the territory and the fact that the property rests with individuals or local administrations with scarce economic and material resources have generated great difficulty in the implementation of effective strategies that could remedy the situation [18,19].…”