PRELIMINARY
AbstractThe run up to the euro currency initiated a period of capital inflows into southern European countries, i.e., Spain, Portugal, Italy and Greece. We document that those countries, and only them among OECD countries, concomitantly experienced a decline in the quality of their institutions. We confirm the joint pattern of capital inflows and institutional decline in a large panel of countries. We show theoretically that this joint pattern naturally follows from a "soft budget constraint" syndrome wherein persistently cheap external funding undermines incentives to maintain good institutions -understood here as the degree of government commitment not to support inefficient firms. Low institutional quality ultimately raises the share of inefficient firms, which lowers average productivity and raises productivity dispersion across firms -the typical pattern of productivity in southern Europe over the period under consideration.
Nous étudions l'effet de chocs financiers sur la dynamique du marché du travail. Nous développons un modèle avec deux types de travailleurs et deux types de capital, ainsi que des frictions financières et sur le marché du travail. Nous constatons que les chocs financiers, modélisés comme des perturbations exogènes de la contrainte d'endettement des entreprises, peuvent générer des mouvements réalistes de l'emploi agrégé et reproduire la volatilité et contracyclicité du rapport entre l'emploi qualifié et non qualifié, observés dans les données. Le resserrement des conditions financières affecte l'emploi par trois canaux : i) la baisse de la productivité marginale du travail, en raison d'une réduction du capital total ii) l'augmentation du coût implicite de la main d'oeuvre en termes de financement externe et iii) une rigidité endogène des salaires, provoquée par une augmentation à court terme de la consommation des ménages et de leur valeur marginale du temps. La volatilité de l'emploi relatif s'explique par cette rigidité endogène des salaires ainsi que le calibrage du modèle, qui impliquent une plus forte probabilité de ré-embauche et des coûts de recrutement plus faibles pour les travailleurs non qualifiés.
Are entry and fixed exporting costs relevant for understanding the international transmission of business cycles? We revisit this question working with a model that features entry, selection to exporting activity, physical capital accumulation and endogenous labor supply. We find our model to yield minimal departures from the Backus, Kehoe and Kydland (1992) benchmark, sharing most of its failures in terms of international correlations of aggregate variables. We do find a novel interaction between entry of new firms and physical capital investment. Creation of new firms provides households with an additional margin to smooth consumption over time.Having an extensive margin of production dampens the volatility of investment in physical capital, enabling the model to have a high elasticity of substitution between home and foreign goods, and still get plausible values for the volatility of investment and trade balance.
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