Context: Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl plant is used for traditional therapy because of its content, including flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and coumarins. Aims: To determine the antibacterial ability of S. jamaicensis roots extract (SJRE) on some selected mouth bacteria through in vitro and in silico studies. Methods: Phytochemical analysis and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) were done to explore the active compounds on SJRE. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity prediction, molecular docking simulation and visualization of luvangetin, and xanthyletin as anti-inflammatory and antibacterial were investigated in silico. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of SJRE against Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterococcus faecalis, and Actinomyces spp. were calculated. Results: Luvangetin and xanthyletin are good candidate drug molecules with low toxicity. Xanthyletin has higher binding activity than luvangetin to TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, peptidoglycan, flagellin, and dectin protein. SJRE exhibited a high antibacterial ability, and MIC. This extract inhibits the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. faecalis and Actinomyces spp. at various concentrations 2000, 8000, and 8000 µg/mL, respectively, with statistically significant differences (p = 0.0001; p<0.05). Conclusions: SJRE has an antibacterial ability, and 2000 µg/mL SJRE may act as an antibacterial agent in vitro. In addition, xanthyletin in SJRE has a potential role as an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory in silico.

Backgrounds: Oral candidiasis is an oral infection caused by abnormal growth of Candida albicans. The use of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate as a prophylactic mouthwash is conducted for oral candidiasis therapy. Prolonged use of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate is recorded to instigate side effects. Mauli banana stem extract and basil leaf extract demonstrate antifungal properties ascribed to their contents. Objective: To prove that the antifungal effect of 25% concentration of mauli banana stem extract, 12.5% concentration of basil leaf extract, and 25%, 50%, and 75% concentration of mauli banana stem and basil leaf combination extract on Candida albicans are comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate. Methods: This study was resolved by applying the true experimental design with post-test only and control group design which consisted of 6 treatments. Group I was given Mauli banana stem extract with 25% concentration, group II was given basil leaf extract with 12.5% concentration, group III, IV, and IV were given the combination of Mauli banana stem and basil leaf extracts with 25%, 50%, and 75% concentrations, respectively. Meanwhile, group VI was given 1% chlorhexidine gluconate as a positive control. Each treatment was served with four times repetition. Antibacterial effectivity was assessed through the inhibition zone measurement of 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate growth using the diffusion method. Results: This study revealed that the average diameter of inhibition zone formed in group I was 6-6.3 mm, group II was 6-6.2 mm, group III was 6-6.2 mm, group IV was 7-7.2 mm, group V was 10.2-11.4 mm, and group VI was 23.7-24.8 mm. Conclusion: The antifungal effect of mauli banana stem extract at 25% concentration, basil leaf extract at 12.5% concentration, and mauli banana stem and basil leaf combination extract at 25%, 50%, and 75% concentration on Candida albicans has been proven but not equivalent to 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate.Keywords: Basil leaf extract, Candida albicans,inhibition zone, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate, diffusion method, Mauli banana stem extract,.

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. The symptoms of DM is delayed wound healing. Delayed wound healing in diabetes will increase the risk of wound complications that will hinder the healing process, and lead to complications such as fibrosis and necrosis. The use of Channa Micropeltes (CM) extract at a dose of 16 mL/kg BW orally is proven to general optimal wound closure and wound contraction clinically in Wistar rats as diabetic model on day 14.However, the histopathological description of wound healing is yet to be known. Objective: To analyze the effect of 16 mL/kg BW dose of CM extract on histopathological changes of wound healing granulation tissue, fibrosis and necrosis in diabetic Wistar rats on day 14. Materials and Methods: This study was a true experimental design with a post-test only control group design. The samples were divided into two groups, namely the diabetic model group given CM extract at 16 mL/kg BW dose for 14 days, and the diabetic model group given BR2 feed only for 14 days. Results: The results of Mann-Whitney U test showed p = 0.003 for granulation tissue, p = 0.411 for fibrosis and p = 1 for necrosis, with the level of significance was p<0.05. Conclusion: The CM extract at 16 mL/kg BW dose affects the histopathological description of granulation tissue which presents a better result than those in the control group but did not affect the features of fibrosis and necrosis in diabetic Wistar rats on day 14. Keywords: Channa Micropeltes, Diabetic wound, Fibrosis, Granulation tissue, Necrosis.

Background: Citrus amblycarpa has been known to have various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidants, anticancer, antitumor, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiviral, antibacterial, and antifungal. Hesperidin, naringin, quercetin, rutin, gamma (γ)-aminobutyric acid (GABA), neoeriocitrin, and poncirin from C. amblycarpa were the major constituents that potentially act on some obesity proteins, such as fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) protein, leptin, and resistin, the emerging targets in the treatment of obesity. This study aimed to investigate the interaction between major active compounds of C. amblycarpa with FTO, leptin and resistin.Materials and methods: The ligands of the docking study were seven major chemical compounds found in peel of C. amblycarpa, i.e., hesperidin, naringin, quercetin, rutin, GABA, neoeriocitrin, and poncirin. FTO, leptin and resistin structure were taken from Protein Data Bank, while the C. amblycarpa compounds were prepared using Open Babel integrated into PyRx 8.0. Molecular docking simulation was performed using Autodock Vina integrated into PyRx 8.0. Virtual prediction and visualization of protein–ligand complexes were analyzed and visualized using Discovery Studio.Results: All major compounds of C. amblycarpa peel used in this study did not have hepatotoxicity and AMES toxicity. Hesperidin had the lowest binding affinity score when interacted with FTO, leptin and resistin compared to other compounds. Moreover, GABA had the highest binding affinity score compared to other compounds.Conclusion: Hesperidin may be a candidate obesity protein antagonist and may have potential as a treatment for obesity.Keywords: Citrus amblycarpa, molecular docking, FTO, leptin, obesity, resistin

Background: Periapical radiographic x-ray exposure can damage living cells, one of which is erythrocytes which contain hemoglobin by forming free radicals. Antioxidant compounds are needed to counteract the effects of these free radicals. One of the natural antioxidant compounds is kasturi leaves which contain flavonoids, triterpenoids and tannins. Purpose: To analyze the effect of kasturi leaf extract on hemoglobin levels of male mice exposed to periapical x-ray radiography. Methods: This study used a true experimental method with a post test only design with a control group design. The samples used were 24 male mice aged 3-4 months which weighed 20-25 grams. Mice were divided into 4 groups, each group consisted of 6 mice. Group P1 was a group exposed to radiation 1 times a dose of 1 mGy with a dose of 0,2 ml of kasturi leaf extract, group P2 was a group exposed to radiation 7 times a dose of 1 mGy with a dose of 0,2 ml of kasturi leaf extract, Group P3 was a group exposed to radiation 10 times at a dose of 1 mGy with a dose of 0,2 ml of kasturi leaf extract, and group P4 was a group given the extract without radiation exposure. Results: The results showed hemoglobin levels in the P1 group = 7.2833 g/dL, the P2 group = 7.4800 g/dL, the P3 group = 12.7800 g/dL, and P4 = 12.4200 g/dL. Conclusion: The results showed that there was an effect of kasturi leaf extract on the hemoglobin levels of male mice exposed to periapical x-ray radiography. The results of the Mann Whitney test showed that the results of the P1 and P2 groups were significant to P3 and P4. Keywords: Antioxidant, kasturi leaf extract, periapical radiography