Studies into the impact of social capital on welfare are currently growing. However, studies for the case of the developing countries, including Indonesia, are still very rare. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the impact of social capital on welfare in Indonesia. In this study, social capital is measured by three indicators, namely, trust, cooperativeness and the social network (a person’s participation in community activities).Welfare is measured by household expenditure for food and non-food items. The data are acquired from the Indonesian Family Life Surveys for the years 2007 (IFLS4) and 2014 (IFLS5). This research uses instrumental variables to address the endogeneity issue on social networking (participation in community activities), which is a potential two-way causal relationship. It means that individuals with higher welfare (income) have a higher possibility of participating in community activities, since their participation in community activities is a leisure activity and the utilization of leisure is higher for higher-income people.Using the Instrumental Variables (IV) method and marital status as an instrument, the study found that social capital has a significant impact on welfare. An increased participation in community activities will improve ones welfare by 11.7 percent. Moreover, an increase of cooperativeness by one percent, would increase the welfare by 0.2 percent. On the other hand, trust has a negative relationship with welfare. It means that an increase in trust among individuals by one percent will cause household expenditure on food and non-food items to drop by 0.3 percent.It may imply that higher trust will cause lower transaction costs, which will reduce the expense of individuals buying food and non-food items. Since the coefficient of IV is larger than the coefficient in the OLS estimation, it indicates the absence of reversed causality. The results of this study have an implication for policy decision making which suggests that the policy decision makers should consider the impact of social capital on welfare and support the increase of individuals’ participating in community activities.

AbstrakKebutuhan energi, protein, dan zat besi dapat disumbangkan oleh makanan jajanan masing-masing sekitar 36%, 29%, dan 52%. Namun, makanan jajan yang tersedia disamping tidak selalu sehat dan bergizi juga perilaku sisiwa tidak selalu positif untuk kebutuhan gizi. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh media visual poster dan leaflet terhadap perilaku makanan jajanan pelajar suatu SMA di Kabupaten Mandailing Natal, Sumatera Utara, 2009. Dengan desain eksperimen kuasi one pre-and post-test group, penelitian dengan perlakuan pajangan poster dan leaflet di sekolah ini menilai pengaruh intervensi 2 minggu setelah perlakuan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan metode uji T-berpasangan terhadap sampel 80 pelajar kelas khusus. Sebelum dan setelah perlakuan, skor rata-rata pengetahuan siswa adalah 1,99 dan 3,00, skor rata-rata sikap adalah 1,80 dan 3,00. Tindakan konsumsi makanan para pelajar juga meningkat sebelum (x=1,76) dan sesudah (x=1,86) intervensi. Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna antara perilaku konsumsi makanan jajanan pada anak sekolah sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyuluhan gizi menggunakan media poster dan leaflet mampu meningkatkan perilaku gizi anak sekolah. Disarankan pihak sekolah dan puskesmas menggunakan poster dan leaflet sebagai salah satu media penyuluhan gizi menyampaikan informasi gizi tentang makanan jajanan dan isu kesehatan lain untuk mempromosikan upaya kesehatan sekolah.Kata kunci: Perilaku konsumsi makanan jajanan, poster dan leaflet, pelajar SMA Abstract Street food plays an important role in students' nutrition. About 36%, 29%, and 52% of energy, protein, and iron, respectively, can be contributed by street food. The aim of the research was to know effect of nutritional extension using healthy food poster and leaflet on street food consumption behaviour among Senior Height School students in District of Mandailing Natal. The research is quasi-experiment with one pre-and post-test group design. The intervention was conducted by displaying poster and giving leaflet to students. Effects of interventions were evaluated two weeks after intervention. Subjects are 80 students. Data were analyzing by using paired sample T-test. Result showed that the average scores of knowledge of students were 1.99 and 3.00 before and after intervention, respectively. The average scores of attitude were 1.80 and 3.00 before and after intervention, respectively). Also, the practice of food consumption among students also increases (1.76 and 1.86 for before and after intervention, respectively). There was a significant difference in street food consumption behavior among students between before and after intervention. It can be concluded that nutritional extension using visual posters and leaflets increase student's nutritional behaviour. It is suggested that, both school and puskesmas, use poster and leaflet as media of nutritional extension regarding street food and other health issues to promote school health Keywords: Street food consumption behaviour, poster and leaflet, senior hig...

--Chronic energy malnutrition (CEM) and anemia in pregnancy may affect the weight of babies born will have an impact on the quality of human resources. Anemia in pregnant women potentially endanger the mother and child and to this day it happened is still high in Indonesia, because that CEM and anemia require serious attention of all parties involved in health care. This study aims to determine the magnitude of the problem of anemia and chronic energy malnutrition (CEM) in pregnant women and analyze the relationship between CEM with the incidence of anemia in pregnant women in Medan. This study included a survey explanatory research with cross sectional design, conducted in four working area of community health centers in Medan (Belawan, Pekan Labuhan, Medan Deli and Terjun) on 114 pregnant women. CEM is determined by measuring the Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC). Blood hemoglobin concentration was measured by a "Hemoglobin Testing System: Quik-Check", plus the characteristic data of pregnant women (age, gestational age, pregnancy spacing, and parity) was obtained by questionnaire interviews. The results showed that of 114 pregnant women with 14,0 % was aged <20 years, 42.1% in the 2nd trimester of gestation and 47.4% trimester 3. 52.6% of pregnant women with pregnancy spacing <24 months and 27 2% parity > = 3. Chronic energy malnutrition (CEM) in pregnant women was 23.7% and 44.7% anemia. Chi square analysis results obtained significant relationship between CEM with anemia in pregnant women with OR of 4.082 95% CI 1.604 to 10.387. This shows that pregnant women who are at risk of anemia CEM four times greater compared with pregnant women who are not CEM. There was a significant correlation between anemia and CEM, and CEM was a risk factor for anemia in pregnant women in Medan. Thus one of the efforts that need to be done in the context of prevention of anemia of pregnant women in Medan is to reduce the incidence of CEM. Improvements nutrition not only during pregnancy but before the mother into their pregnancy, so that mothers begin pregnancy at a good nutritional condition.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif kuantitatif yang bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesadaran lingkungan siswa pada kegiatan green chemistry dalam kondisi new normal pandemic covid 19. Instrument pengumpulan data menggunakan angket online yakni google form. Sampel penelitian yakni siswa kelas VIII SMP Negeri 3 Bengkulu Tengah sebanyak 76 responden yang dipilih dengan teknik simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan respon positif siswa terhadap kesadaran lingkungan sebesar 53,94%. Sedangkan mengenai kategori pengetahuan lingkungan persentase respon positifnya sebesar 53,62%. Frekuensi mengenai kategori perilaku atau sikap lingkungan siswa terletak diskor 49,54%. Kendala yang dihadapi siswa dalam melestarikan dan kepedulian lingkungan sekolah adalah kurangnya kekompakan, tanggung jawab, komitmen dan malas antar teman sekelas, walaupun begitu sebagian besar siswa sadar bahwa lingkungan yang kurang baik dapat mengganggu aktifitas belajar. Kata kunci: Kesadaran lingkungan, green chemistry, new normal ABSTRACT This research is a quantitative descriptive that aimed to analyzing the environmental awareness of students on green chemistry activities in the new normal conditions for the COVID-19 pandemic. The data collection instrument used an online questionnaire, namely google form. The sample of the research was 76 students of class VIII SMP Negeri 3 Bengkulu Tengah who were selected by simple random sampling technique. The results showed that students' positive responses to environmental awareness were 53.94%. While regarding the category of environmental knowledge the percentage of positive response was 53.62%. The frequency regarding the category of behavior or attitudes of the students' environment lies with a score of 49.54%. The obstacles faced by students in preserving and caring for the school environment are the lack of cohesiveness, responsibility, commitment and laziness between classmates, even so most students are aware that a bad environment can interfere with learning activities.                                                                   Keywords: environmental awareness, green chemistry, new normal

Anemia pada kehamilan dapat memengaruhi perkembangan janin dan kesehatan ibu. Di Indonesia umumnya ditemukan anemia gizi besi pada ibu hamil dengan penyebab utama adalah asupan zat besi yang rendah. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui pengaruh  karakteristik ibu dan asupan gizi terhadap kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil. Penelitian explanatory research dengan desain cross sectional pada 114 orang ibu hamil di Medan. Kadar Hb darah diukur dengan alat Hemoglobin Testing System: Quik-Check, karakteristik ibu hamil diperoleh dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner, asupan gizi diperoleh dengan metode recall 24 jam. Analisis faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian anemia dilakukan dengan regresi logistik berganda. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil sebesar 44,7%. Sebagian besar ibu hamil (>80%) mempunyai tingkat kecukupan gizi (energi, protein, zat besi) yang rendah (<80% AKG). Hasil uji regresi logistik menunjukkan bahwa jarak kelahiran merupakan faktor yang paling dominan memengaruhi kejadian anemia ibu hamil, dengan nilai OR=4,399. Ibu hamil dengan jarak kelahiran <24 bulan mempunyai risiko 4 kali lebih tinggi mengalami anemia dibandingkan ibu hamil dengan jarak kelahiran >24 bulan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa jarak kelahiran <24 bulan merupakan faktor risiko kejadian anemia pada ibu hamil di Kota Medan.