E-learning has been encouraged for usage during COVID-19, and this leaves problems with students’ learning activities, particularly in social and economic aspects. Applying appropriate teaching methods is expected, which motivates students to learn virtually. This paper studies the effect of the grammar translation method and the direct method on students’ English competence; the e-learning uses electronic tools with communication applications, such as Zoom and Google Classroom. The data were collected by questionnaires distributed to 100 students, of which 95 questionnaires were analyzable. The data were analyzed by path analysis via Microsoft SPSS version 21. The findings are as follows: 1) The grammar translation method has a significant direct effect on competence, contributing 27.7% to students’ English competence. The mediating role of Google Classroom has no contribution to the effect of the grammar translation method on students’ English competence. 2) The direct method has an indirect effect on students’ English competence, when utilized with the mediation of electronic tools that provide the Zoom application.

This paper is aimed at introducing an instructional development model which is designed in response to two strong desires i.e. to show the most effective ways of incorporating literature in English Language Teaching and to provide a comprehensive framework for English teachers to develop literature-based ELT materials. The proposed instructional model consists of four distinct phases of development i.e. Input phase (Identifying learners’ needs by carrying out a needs analysis), Development phase (Using the information on the learners’ needs to select and to organize the literaturebased ELT materials), Output Phase (producing the prototypes of literature-based ELT materials), Language acquisition Phase (Assessing the effect of the literature-based ELT materials on the learners’ language proficiency) which are here abbreviated as The IDOL Model. The phases are clearly presented and seem compatible the other phases commonly available in the area of instructional materials development in today’s English language teaching. Therefore, this model appears to provide useful assistance to materials designers and English teachers in developing a well-designed literature-based ELT material.

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This research discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. Lexicon is a language component containing information about the meaning and usage of words, the richness of words a language has. Lexicon runs into a shift due to certain factors such as changes in norms, culture, and environment and the development of science and technology. The level of shift and the change in the meaning of the lexicon for traditional technology systems in Tolaki community, Konawe Regency, Southeast Sulawesi are analyzed with the method of qualitative descriptive analysis. The data are taken from written sources, literature studies, by examining and recording some lexicons from the book "Tolaki Culture" by Abdurrauf Tarimana. This book discusses the lexicon used for traditional technology systems in the Tolaki community. The validation of the data is then substantiated by questionnaire distribution in which the informants fill in lexicon data for agricultural technology systems and imply them in Tolaki language. The lexical-semantic theory by Pateda is applied and the results of the data analysis show that the lexicon for agricultural technology system in Tolaki is extinct and undergoing a shift. 115 lexicons of traditional technology systems are analyzed and among them are 50 (44%) lexicons undergoing extinction, 29 (25%) undergoing a shift, and 36 (31%) undergoing no shift.