This article engages with the notion that schools embody social class in their structures and practices. We draw on Bourdieu's critical concept of ‘field’ to describe the larger landscape of Croatian secondary schooling: a stratified system whose routes serve, and have served, to reinforce the maintenance of class (under)privilege. We also draw on the concept of ‘institutional habitus’, an analytical extension of Bourdieu's concept of ‘habitus’ to school settings, in order to capture how schools produce and reproduce class distinctions through their status, expressive order, curriculum and organisational characteristics. We ‘load’ these concepts with empirical meaning based on interview and focus group data we collected from students, teachers and parents in three, three‐year vocational schools in Croatia, finding that these schools embody a working‐class ‘habitus’. Students in these schools tend to come from less privileged family backgrounds than students in four‐year schools, practical subjects are prioritised over the academic, on‐the‐job training over school work and the schools are fairly under‐resourced.
S a š a P u z i ćInstitut za društvena istraživanja u Zagrebu puzic@idi.hr B r a n i s l a v a B a r a n o v i ć Institut za društvena istraživanja u Zagrebu baranov@idi.hr K a r i n D o o l a nOdjel za Sociologiju, Sveučilište u Zadru kdoolan@unizd.hr SAŽETAK Promatrajući sukobe među učenicima iz ekološko-razvojne perspektive u tekstu se prezentiraju rezultati istraživanja učeničke, nastavničke i ravnateljske percepcije školske klime vezano uz pojavu i rješavanje sukoba među učenicima. Istraži-vanje je provedeno na uzorku 370 učenika osmih razreda deset zagrebačkih osnovnih škola, 29 nastavnika i 5 ravnatelja. U istraživanju su korištene mješovite metode istraživanja: anketno ispitivanje učenika, fokus grupe s nastavnicima i intervjui s ravnateljima. Podaci upućuju da su među učenicima najčešći verbalni konflikti, ali znatan broj učenika navodi i fizičke sukobe. Uz konfliktne, u školama postoje i suradnički odnosi među učenicima. Kada je riječ o odnosima s nastavnicima, učenici ih percipiraju kao osobe od kojih se može dobiti podrška u rješavanju sukoba, no istodobno nižim vrijednostima procjenjuju njihovo poštovanje i uvažavanje učenika. Utvrđeno je također da su djevojčice "osjetljivije" od dječaka na pojavu nasilja u školi, te da učenici s najvišim ocjenama i oni koji su rjeđe bili izloženi nasilju nešto pozitivnije procjenjuju školsko okruženje od ostalih učenika. U razgovorima s nastavnicima i ravnateljima blaži se oblici sukoba među učenicima predstavljaju kao sastavni dio školske svakodnevice. Više je nastavnika i ravnatelja izrazilo zabrinutost uslijed pojave "cyber-bullyinga", odnosno verbalnog nasilja preko Facebook-a. Među čimbenicima koji negativno utječu na školsku klimu i pojavu sukoba ističu se nedovoljna stručna osposobljenost nastavnika za rješavanje sukoba među učenicima, ograničavajuće organizacijske karakteristike škole, zdravstvene poteškoće učenika i nesređene obiteljske prilike učenika.Ključne riječi: školska klima, ekološko-razvojna perspektiva, sukobi i nasilje u školi, odnosi među učenicima, odnosi s nastavnicima, učenička perspektiva, perspektiva nastavnika i ravnatelja DOI 10.5673/sip.49.3.4 UDK 37.06:316.482.057.874(497.5) Izvorni znanstveni rad Copyright © 2011 Institut za društvena istraživanja u Zagrebu -Institute for Social Research in Zagreb Sva prava pridržana -All rights reserved 336 S o c i o l o g i j a i p r o s t o rSociologija i prostor, 49 (2011) 191 (3): 335-358 UvodIstraživanja pokazuju da dugotrajna izloženost nasilnim oblicima ponašanja u školi povećava vjerojatnost socijalne izolacije, depresije, i frustracije među učenicima, što u krajnjoj konzekvenci može dovesti do napuštanja škole i/ili odustajanja od daljnjeg školovanja (Lindstrom Johnson, 2009.). S druge strane, nasilje u školi utječe također i na kvalitetu nastavnog procesa budući da nastavnici zbog rješavanja sukoba i ovladavanja nasilnim situacijama ne mogu dovoljno vremena posvetiti samom poučavanju. Kada je riječ o Hrvatskoj, svjedoci smo sve učestalijeg medijskog izvještavanja o nasilju u školama...
Studies on early school leaving (ESL) from countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Serbia and Slovenia have been missing from the international early school leaving research map. As a contribution to remedying this, the article reviews research papers and strategic documents from these countries, guided by the general question whether there is anything specific about ESL in this region in comparison to the wider European research and policy context. The aspects of ESL examined include definitional similarities and differences, extent of ESL, dominant theoretical and methodological approaches, factors identified as impacting ESL as well as policy solutions. We find that Croatia and Slovenia are among the countries which have the lowest ESL rates in Europe. The findings of the reviewed research studies correspond to international research papers in terms of the following frequent risk factors for ESL: low economic and cultural family background, ethnic minority and migration status, type of school enrolled and motivation and academic achievement. There is a strong focus on Roma children early school leavers in all of the countries examined and Bosnia and Herzegovina stands out in the broader European context with the finding that girls from large, low socio‐economic status families, who live more than three kilometres away from school, are at particular risk of ESL. In discussing ESL, the reviewed studies tend to emphasise individual and family characteristics rather than also broader social constraints as ESL determinants, a practice also reflected in policy documents which do not mention the role of broader social and economic conditions shaping early school leaving.
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