In radiography, a dose to patients primarily depends on the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) and the sensitivity of organs which are irradiated during treatment plan. The main goal of this study is to look into the patient's dose to assess ESD and ED for patients in digital diagnostic radiography examinations for the optimization of radiation protection of the patients who are exposed to radiation dose thereby facing the increasing probability of fatal cancer risk and other biological effects. Patients dosimetry carried out on 15 adult patients (Male-4 and Female-11) of age 20 to 69 years. The IAEA TRS No. 457 dosimetry protocol was followed in accordance with non-invasive kV-meter, DIAVOLT UNIVERSAL T43014-001400, locating at 100 cm from focus to surface distance for measurement of radiological parameters such as kVp and mAs. The ESD has a wide range from 0.05mGy to 0.35 mGy for chest even for the same examination carried out on the patients of different age and gender and the corresponding effective dose lies from 0.01 to 0.04 mSv, additionally, in other parts like L-spine AP, Lat and in foot ESDs are 1.24 mGy, 2.06 mGy and 0.07 mGy respectively with their corresponding EDs are 0.13 mSv, 0.05 mSv and 0.0003 mSv. The ESDs and EDs reported in this study are generally lower than the doses published in literatures.
Electromigration is a main challenge in the pursuit of power electronics, because physical limit to increase current density in power electronics is electromigration (EM), whereas much higher electrical current and voltage are required for power electronics packaging. So the effect of EM is an important issue in applications where high current densities are used, such as in microelectronics and related structures (e.g., Power ICs). Since the structure size of integrated circuits (ICs) decreases and the practical significance of this effect increases, the result is EM failure. On the other hand, in the next generation power electronics technology electrical current density is expected to exceed 10 7 A/cm 2 which is another challenge. This review work has been carried out to identify the mechanism of EM damage in power electronics (e.g., pure metallization and solder joints) and also how to control this kind of damage.
We have studied Radioisotopes (RIs) production by the accelerator-based neutron method with neutrons generated via the (d,n) reaction on C or Be in the incident energy range less than 50 MeV. The study has been conducted by the two approaches: proposal of new production routes or new RIs with the accelerator-based neutron method and systematic measurements of double-differential thick-target neutron yields (DDTTNYs). In the study, we have proposed effective production methods of 64 Cu for a new PET RI and 92 Y for application of radio immunotherapy. Moreover, the DDTTNYs have been systematically measured by the multiple-foil activation method, and a new unfolding code with artificial neural network was developed for the unfolding process. In the present paper, our research activity and results are reviewed comprehensively to show examples of 64 Cu production and a TTNY measurement of C(d,n) reaction at 12-MeV deuteron.
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