The human occupation history of Southeast Asia (SEA) remains heavily debated. Current evidence suggests that SEA was occupied by Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers until ~4000 years ago, when farming economies developed and expanded, restricting foraging groups to remote habitats. Some argue that agricultural development was indigenous; others favor the "two-layer" hypothesis that posits a southward expansion of farmers giving rise to present-day Southeast Asian genetic diversity. By sequencing 26 ancient human genomes (25 from SEA, 1 Japanese Jōmon), we show that neither interpretation fits the complexity of Southeast Asian history: Both Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers and East Asian farmers contributed to current Southeast Asian diversity, with further migrations affecting island SEA and Vietnam. Our results help resolve one of the long-standing controversies in Southeast Asian prehistory.

Alors qu'en Indonésie, les implantations hoabinhiennes renvoient à de vastes amas coquilliers holocènes, la grotte de Tögi Ndrawa, dans l'île de Nias (Sumatra nord) a révélé un remplissage de coquilles sur 4 m, scellé dans une cavité, débutant avec la fin du Pléistocène supérieur. Les sondages ont livré des galets façonnés de type hoabinhien, une faune de forêt et de littoral, ainsi que des os humains. Au-delà des nouveaux jalons chronologiques qu'elle procure, cette découverte interroge sur l'extension du phénomène hoabinhien depuis l'Asie continentale et sur les modalités d'occupation et d'exploitation du milieu à cette époque de la préhistoire.

AbstrakOut Of Taiwan merupakan salah satu teori persebaran Austronesia yang paling populer diikuti oleh kalangan peneliti manusia pendukung dan budaya Austronesia hingga kini. Populernya teori tersebut tidak lepas dari dukungan data linguistik, antropologi, DNA, pertanggalan dan data arkeologis tentunya. Data arkeologis yang cukup besar memberikan andil dalam eksistensi teori dimaksud di antaranya adalah hipotesis sebaran beliung persegi dan kapak lonjong. Migrasi atas dasar tersebut menunjukkan adanya alur persebaran manusia dari Filipina ke Sulawesi, dari sini terus terpecah menjadi dua alur, ada yang ke barat yaitu ke Kalimantan terus ke Sumatera, Jawa, Bali, Nusa Tenggara Timur. Sedangkan alur yang lainnya yaitu dari Sulawesi ke Indonesia bagian timur. Alur di Indonesia bagian barat itu dikaitkan dengan sebaran beliung persegi dan alur di Indonesia bagian timur dikaitkan dengan sebaran kapak lonjong. Begitu juga dengan keberadaan gerabah slip merah yang awalnya hanya ditemukan di Indonesia bagian timur, sehinga memunculkan hipotesis hanya tersebar di Indonesia bagian timur saja, setelah ditemukan di Indonesia bagian barat, mengisyaratkan adanya migrasi dari wilayah asal Austronesia (China bagian selatan) ke Indonesia bagian barat. Sejalan dengan adanya alur di Indonesia bagian barat tersebut, dan berdasarkan himpunan informasi dari situs-situs di Indonesia bagian barat yang dihasilkan melalui serangkaian ekskavasi dan analisa karbon, dalam tatanan metode deskriftifkualitatif dengan penalaran induktif semakin menguatkan indikasi adanya migrasi Austronesia Prasejarah yang cenderung tidak sealur dengan migrasi out of Taiwan.Kata Kunci: Austronesia, beliung persegi, kapak lonjong, gerabah berhias merah, geografi Abstract Out of Taiwan is one of the theories about the dispersion of the Austronesian people, which is the most popularity is supported by linguistic, anthropological, DNA, and dating, as well as archaeological data. The quire abundant archaeological data has contributed to the existence of the theory, among others the hypothesis about the dispersion of quadrangular adzes and round axes. The migration based on reveals human migration route from the Philippines to Sulawesi (Celebes), and from Sulawesi it was split into two directions, one of which went westward to Kalimantan (Borneo) and moved on to Sumatra, Java,

61. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.The copyright holder for this preprint (which . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/278374 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Mar. 8, 2018; and directly test the two competing hypotheses. We find that early genomes from Asian phenotypic affinity, suggesting that human diversity in SEA was strongly influenced by 82 population expansions from the north (4). Yet, the extent to which the movements from East 83 Asia (EA) impacted on the genetic and cultural makeup of the people of SEA remains 84 controversial. 85Two distinct population models have been proposed to account for the biological and was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. hybridisation to baits that cover the entire mappable human genome (15). 119We performed comparative testing of three different capture approaches for human was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.The copyright holder for this preprint (which . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/278374 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Mar. 8, 2018; Biosciences) -with the aim of applying the most effective method to ancient human remains 124 from tropical SEA (SOM1). We found a modified version of MYbaits Whole Genome 125Enrichment to be the best-performing method. We applied this method, in combination with 126 shotgun sequencing approaches where sufficient endogenous DNA allowed it, to samples from 127 Malaysia, Thailand, Philippines, Vietnam, Indonesia and Laos, dating between 0.2 and 8 kya 128 (SOM2). We obtained 25 low-coverage ancient genomes (Table 1), along with mtDNA and 129 nuclear DNA from an additional set of 16 individuals (Table S3), belonging to hunter-gatherers 130 from the Hoabinhian culture, as well as Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age farmers (SOM3). 131All samples showed damage patterns typical of ancient DNA (38) ( Table S3). 132To address the genetic relationships among the ancient individuals, we performed a constructed solely with present-day samples (40) (SOM4). We then used ADMIXTURE (41) 136 to find reference latent ancestry components that could best fit our present-day data, and then Vietnam, Laos and Thailand) populations, along with a broad East Asian component. 152We used outgroup f3 statistics (f3(Mbuti;X,Ancient samples)) to determine which 153 populations have the highest levels of shared drift with each of the ancient individuals (SOM6). 154. CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license It is made available under a was not peer-reviewed) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity.The copyright holder for this preprint (which . http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/278374 doi: bioRxiv preprint first posted online Mar. 8, 2018; Group 1 shares the most drift with certain ancient mainland samples ( ...

Abstrak. Keberadaan religi pada masyarakat Gayo sudah berlangsung sejak masa prasejarah. Pemahaman religi pada masa itu diketahui dari sisa aktivitas yang di antaranya masih dikenali dari sisa penguburan di Situs Loyang Mendale dan Loyang Ujung Karang. Pola penguburan dan bekal kubur di situs dimaksud merupakan hal yang paling jelas menunjukkan adanya konsep religi di masa Prasejarah. Di dalam prosesnya telah menunjukkan adanya perkembangan dari bentuk yang sederhana ke hal yang lebih kompleks, namun beberapa bagian dari religi lama tampaknya masih dianut hingga ke masa-masa kemudian. Untuk memahami perkembangan religi tersebut, maka identifikasi tinggalan arkeologis, baik yang berupa sisa penguburan kerangka manusia, artefak ataupun fitur menjadi pusat kajian. Dalam konsep religi akan dilakukan pendekatan etnoarkeologi, sehingga secara umum dapat dikatakan bahwa pemahaman akan religi menggunakan alur induktif yang merupakan bagian dari metode penelitian kualitatif. Sejalan dengan itu dilakukan juga wawancara mendalam dalam upaya mendapatkan konsep-konsep religi lama yang masih dikenal oleh masyarakat Gayo. Metode tersebut akan menghasilkan pemahaman religi dari masa prasejarah hingga kini dan beberapa bagian dari konsepsi lama yang masih dikenal masyarakat dalam konteks religi di masa kini.