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Background: With the rapid development of modern society, people's dietary structure has been changing accordingly. Diets high in salt, fat, and sugar have led to an increase in the incidence of diabetes year by year, posing a great threat to human health. More than 90% of diabetic patients have type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is currently believed that the onset of T2DM is mainly related to factors such as genetics, insulin resistance, impaired insulin cell function, and obesity. The main mechanisms are as follows: It affects the intestinal intake of single-chain fatty acid (SCFAs). The decrease of SCFAs leads to the decrease of the number of islet cells and the decrease of insulin sensitivity, which in turn leads to insulin resistance (IR). Intestinal barrier function is inhibited, which leads to intestinal nonspecific inflammation. Then, it leads to changes in the structure and function of intestinal endothelial cells and affects the transport of insulin, which leads to IR. Intestinal flora participates in bile acid metabolism and liver circulation, and affects the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids. Imbalance of intestinal flora leads to disorders of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Intestinal flora can reduce oxidative stress and improve islet cell function and insulin metabolism. Imbalance of intestinal flora can lead to impaired islet cell function and insulin resistance. Normal intestinal flora can increase the content of YY peptide and correct the abnormal nerve conduction in hypothalamic feeding center. The dominant flora of normal intestinal tract is mainly anaerobic bacteria which are beneficial to the human body. Under certain conditions, when intestinal flora is maladjusted, harmful bacteria and opportunistic bacteria become the dominant intestinal bacteria, resulting in metabolic disorders. Ingestion of probiotics can correct the imbalance of intestinal flora, and then, have a therapeutic effect on T2DM. Therefore, we designed this study to evaluate the effects of probiotics on blood glucose control and intestinal dominant flora in patients with T2DM. Methods: The retrieval period of meta-analysis literature is set from January 1, 1990 to September 2020. We will mainly search five English electronic databases, including Cochrane Library, Pubmed, Excerpt Medical Database (EMBASE), Science Direct and Web of Science, and search the following four Chinese databases: China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), China Science Journal Database (VIP), Wanfang Database, and so on. At the same time, the two reviewers will independently conduct research selection, data extraction and deviation risk assessment, and use Review Manager 5.3 software provided by the Cochrane Collaboration for meta-analysis and heterogeneity assessment. Results: This study...

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Several lines of evidence suggest that the intestinal microbiota plays crucial roles in infant development, and that it is highly influenced by extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Prebiotic-containing infant formula may increase gastrointestinal tolerance and improve commensal microbiota composition. However, it remains unknown whether supplementation of milk-formulas with prebiotics and 1,3-olein-2-palmitin (OPO) can achieve feeding outcomes similar to those of breastfeeding. In the present study, we investigated the effects of two kinds of infant formula with different additives on the overall diversity and composition of the fecal microbiota, to determine which was closer to breastfeeding. A total of 108 infants were enrolled, including breastfeeding (n=59) and formula feeding group (n=49). The formula feeding infants were prospectively randomly divided into a standard formula group (n=18), and a supplemented formula group(n=31). The fecal samples were collected at 4 months after intervention. Fecal microbiota analysis targeting the V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene was performed using MiSeq sequencing. The overall bacterial diversity and composition, key functional bacteria, and predictive functional profiles in the two different formula groups were compared with breastfeeding group. We found that the alpha diversity of the gut microbiota was not significantly different between the OPO and breastfeeding groups with Chaos 1 index (p=0.346). The relative abundances of Enhydrobacter and Akkermansia in the OPO group were more similar to those of the breastfeeding group than to those of the standard formula group. The gut microbiota metabolism function prediction analysis showed that the supplemented formula group was similar to the breastfeeding group in terms of ureolysis (p=0.297). These findings suggest that, when formula supplemented with prebiotics and OPO was given, the overall bacterial diversity and parts of the composition of the fecal microbiota would be similar to that of breastfeeding infants.

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