PENDAHULUANSelf-medication (pengobatan sendiri) adalah penggunaan obat-obatan dengan maksud terapi tanpa saran dari profesional atau tanpa resep [1]. ABSTRAK:Pengobatan sendiri (swamedikasi) merupakan bagian dari upaya masyarakat menjaga kesehatannya sendiri. Pada pelaksanaannya, pengobatan sendiri dapat menjadi sumber masalah terkait obat (Drug related problem) akibat terbatasnya pengetahuan mengenai obat dan penggunaannya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan dan rasionalitas penggunaan obat swamedikasi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei cross sectional. Sebanyak 342 responden dari tiga apotek terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Responden berusia 18-60 tahun dan dipilih dengan metode consecutive sampling. Pengambilan data dilakukan melalui pengisian kuisioner yang telah diuji validitas dan reliabilitasnya. Data dianalisis dengan uji Chi-square dan uji Fisher menggunakan Statistical Product and Servicer Solution (SPSS) versi 17. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tingkat pengetahuan pasien 20,5% tergolong baik, 41,8% tergolong sedang, dan 37,7% tergolong buruk (37,7%). Penggunaan obat swamedikasi 59,4% rasional dan 40,6% tidak rasional. Berdasarkan hasil uji Chi-square dan uji Fisher, tingkat pengetahuan dipengaruhi oleh pendidikan terakhir dan pekerjaan. Sedangkan rasionalitas swamedikasi tidak dipengaruhi faktor sosiodemografi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa mayoritas tingkat pengetahuan pasien tergolong sedang. Penggunaan obat swamedikasi yang tidak rasional mencapai 40,6%.

West Java province's junior secondary school enrollment rate is still below the Millenium Development Goal of universal primary education by 2015. Panel data of 26 districts in West Java, Indonesia, was used to analyze the determinant factors of junior secondary school enrollment rate. The study shows that GRDP per capita and education level of the household head positively influence junior secondary enrollment rate, in contrast poverty rate and number of child labour had negative impact. This study suggests that government should increase local revenue to enable the people to have sufficient income for attending school, especially for the poor. The government is also expected to increase the availability of schools. Keywords: Education; Determinant; Secondary School; Enrollment Rate; Poverty AbstrakCapaian Angka Partisipasi Sekolah (APS) SMP Provinsi Jawa Barat yang masih rendah menunjukkan belum tercapainya tujuan MDGs tahun 2015 tentang pendidikan dasar. Dengan menggunakan analisis regresi data panel 26 kabupaten/kota di Jawa Barat tahun 2007-2011, studi ini menemukan bahwa faktor yang menjadi determinan APS SMP adalah PDRB per kapita dan pendidikan orang tua. Adapun kemiskinan dan partisipasi kerja anak usia 13-15 tahun akan mengurangi partisipasi sekolah. Oleh karena itu, untuk meningkatkan partisipasi sekolah SMP, terutama anak dari keluarga miskin, selain peningkatan anggaran pendidikan untuk mendukung partisipasi sekolah (beasiswa dan ketersediaan/fasilitas sekolah), hal itu juga harus didukung dengan penurunan tingkat kemiskinan. Selain itu, peningkatan anggaran pendidikan lebih pro-masyarakat miskin dengan meningkatkan ketersediaan sekolah.

In this Industrial 4.0 revolution era, technological advances become things that cannot be solved in human life. Teachers must learn better in learning, need to utilize optimal learning resources, this is important, because the effectiveness of learning is also included by the willingness and ability to utilize learning media, such as the web (google class). In this era students are required to have certain skills, besides those educators are also required to have several competencies that must be possessed so that the e-learning program that they run can run well. An educator or teacher must be able to learn to be there to learn, be creative and fun.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remains as a global public health problem, including Indonesia due to its continuous increasing prevalence. AIM: To analyze the impact of pharmacist intervention on drug-related problems (DRPs) occurred in the management of patients with T2DM admitted to Tebing Tinggi Hospital (TTH), Indonesia, period March through August 2018. METHODS: This six-month retrospective prospective cohort study evaluated the impact of pharmacist intervention on the occurrence of DRPs in the management of patients with T2DM (n = 45) insured by Social Security Organizing Body in TTH, North Sumatera, Indonesia. The inclusion criteria were T2DM patients with age ≥ 18 years and under treatment of antidiabetic drugs. A questionnaire was used to assess the characteristics of the patients and antidiabetic drugs provided. The incidence of DRPs in groups with usual care for the previous three-month and with pharmacist interventions for the next three-month admissions were analyzed using Pharmaceutical Care Network Europe (PCNE) DRP classification system version 8.01 that consists of 3 primary domains for problems, 8 primary domains for causes, and 5 primary domains (PCNE, 2017) and trustable literatures. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t test in the program of Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 19 (p < 0.05 was considered significant). RESULTS: Most (66.7%) of the patients were female. Their mean age was 61.96 ± 6.45 (years). The three most widely provided drugs were metformin, glimepirid, and gliclazide. Total incidence of DRPs in groups with: usual care, 128; intervention, 39. There was a significant difference between the incidence of DRPs in groups with usual care and intervention, p ≤ 0.001. CONCLUSION: Pharmacist intervention reduced the incidence of DRPs in the management of T2DM patients.

Abstrak: Metode pembelajaran mempunyai peranan penting dalam proses pembelajaran. Metode pembelajaran berfungsi untuk membantu guru dalam mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang ditetapkan. Tidak semua metode pembelajaran sesuai dengan mata pelajaran tertentu, misalnya PPKn. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah jenis-jenis metode pembelajaran komunikatif yang sesuai dengan mata pelajaran PPKn di sekolah dasar. Pendekatan penelitian menggunakan kualitatif dengan jenis deskriptif. Lokasi penelitian di Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar Universitas Mataram. Sumber data dibagi menjadi dua, yakni primer dan sekunder. Sumber data primer yakni mahasiswa semester 5 Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Sekolah Dasar dan sumber data sekunder yakni hasil observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik pengambilan data melalui wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi melalui kegiatan Group Investigation berbantuan permainan Quizizz. Teknik analisis data menggunakan reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Tahap penelitian yakni pra lapangan, lapangan dan analisis data. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: 1) Metode pembelajaran mempunyai manfaat yang banyak dalam proses pembelajarn di kelas, 2) Terdapat berbagai pertimbangan yang harus diperhatikan sebelum menentukan metode pembelajaran. 3) Terdapat berbagai metode pembelajaran yang cocok digunakan di sekolah dasar, khususnya PPKn, yakni example non example, picture and picture, vct, inquiry dan discovery.Kata Kunci: Metode Pembelajaran, Group Investigation, Permainan Abstract: Learning methods have an important role in the learning process. The learning method serves to assist the teacher in achieving the specified learning goals. Not all learning methods are suitable for certain subjects, for example PPKn. This study aims to examine the types of learning methods that are suitable for PPKn subjects in primary schools. The research approach uses qualitative descriptive type. The location of the study was at the University of Mataram Elementary School Teacher Education Study Program. Data sources are divided into two, namely primary and secondary. Primary data sources are 5th semester students of Elementary School Teacher Education Study Programs and secondary data sources namely observation and documentation. Data collection techniques through interviews, observation and documentation through Group Investigation activities assisted by Quizizz games. Data analysis techniques using data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The research phase is pre-field, field and data analysis. The results showed: 1) The learning method has many benefits in the learning process in the classroom, 2) There are various considerations that must be considered before determining the learning method. 3) There are various learning methods that are suitable for use in elementary schools, especially PPKn, namely non-example examples, picture and picture, vct, inquiry and discovery.Keywords: Learning Methods, Group Investigation, Games