Minyak atsiri kulit jeruk nipis (Citrus aurantifolia) mempunyai efek antibakteri pada pertumbuhan Streptococcus agalactiae melalui penghancuran struktur sel bakteri. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuktikan kemampuan antibakteri minyak atsiri kulit jeruk nipis dalam mencegah pertumbuhan bakteri Streptococcus agalactiae secara in vitro dan mengetahui konsentrasi hambat minimum yang diperlukan. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah experimental post test only group menggunakan metode difusi sumuran. Tujuh konsentrasi berbeda dari minyak atsiri (0%; 3,125%; 6,25%; 12,5%; 25%; 50%; 100%) digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Zona hambat yang didapat kemudian diukur menggunakan jangka sorong. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kenaikan konsentrasi minyak atsiri kulit jeruk nipis berbanding lurus dengan bertambahnya diameter zona hambat di sekitar sumuran. Nilai konsentrasi hambat minimum (KHM) minyak atsiri kulit jeruk nipis didapat pada konsentrasi 25%. Uji korelasi Spearman menunjukkan korelasi kuat dan signifikan (r = 0,799, p = 0,000), dan uji komparasi Kruskall Wallis menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang signifikan antar rerata tiap kelompok (p = 0,000). Dari percobaan ini, bisa disimpulkan apabila minyak atsiri kulit jeruk nipis dapat mencegah pertumbuhan Streptococcus agalactiae secara in vitro pada konsentrasi 25%.

<p><br />Pembelajaran keterampilan klinis selama tahap akademik dan Objective Structural Clinical Examination (OSCE) dengan metode simulasi berbeda dengan situasi yang nyata terhadap pasien pada tahap Profesi. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuktikan pengaruh pembelajaran dan penilaian keterampilan klinis yang dinilai menggunakan perubahan persepsi kesiapan melakukan keterampilan klinis sebelum dan sesudah menjalani kepaniteraan umum dibandingkan ketika menjalani tahap Profesi. Studi Kohort dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuisioner persepsi tingkat kesiapan mahasiswa melakukan keterampilan klinis yang diberikan sebelum, setelah Panum dan saat awal Profesi. Jumlah responden dalam penelitian ini 126 mahasiswa Program Studi Profesi Dokter Universitas Brawijaya tahun ke-4. Hasil menunjukkan peningkatan kesiapan mahasiswa dalam melakukan keterampilan klinis sebelum dengan sesudah kepaniteraan umum/Panum (35,45,5 dan 39,26,0; p&lt;0,05), namun tidak terjadi peningkatan ataupun penurunan kesiapan sesudah Panum dengan kesiapan di awal tahap Profesi (39,26,0 dan 39,26,1; p&gt;0,05). Tidak ada hubungan signifikan nilai OSCE Panum dengan kesiapan mahasiswa dalam melakukan keterampilan klinis di tahap Profesi melalui uji korelasi Spearman-Rho (p&gt;0,05). Proses pembelajaran keterampilan klinis di kepaniteraan umum berpengaruh positif meningkatkan kesiapan melakukan keterampilan klinis sebelum menjalani tahap Profesi hingga awal tahap Profesi. Tidak terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara nilai OSCE Panum dengan kesiapan mahasiswa dalam melakukan keterampilan klinis di awal tahap Profesi. Perlu di lakukan modifikasi model pembelajaran keterampilan klinis untuk meningkatkan kesiapan mahasiswa dalam melakukan keterampilan klinis pada tahap Profesi.</p>

In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, activities have changed to be online, which increased the use of technology, one of which was audiovisual. Most users use personal listening devices (PLDs) such as earphones, headphones, and so on to make it easier to listen to conversations, study, entertainment, and many more. Although there are many benefits to using PLDs, these devices also indirectly hurt hearing. WHO estimates there will be a certain degree of increased hearing loss due to exposure to loud noises. This study aims to determine the effect of students' knowledge, and behavior in PLDs usage on the speech frequency hearing threshold. It was observational-analytic research by filling out online questionnaires for students of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Brawijaya. We selected the samples by consecutive sampling and selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria, and then bivariate analysis was carried out with the chi-square test. The variables measured were the level of knowledge, the level of behavior in PLDs usage, and the speech frequency hearing threshold level. The results showed no relationship between knowledge and behavior to the speech frequency hearing threshold (p-value>0.05). The conclusion was that increased PLDs usage during the pandemic could increase hearing loss risk. Routine hearing screening is needed to prevent hearing loss among students.

Background: Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (CADR) is a reaction that can cause changes in the structure, the function of the skin, and mucous membranes caused by drug use. One of the risk factors of CADR is a comorbid disease. Objective: to determine the relationship between comorbid diseases and the severity of Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction (CADR) at Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital, Malang. Methods: This study used secondary data taken from medical records of skin and genital patients at Dr. Saiful Anwar Hospital Malang in 2018-2020 and was analyzed using SPSS software version 23 with the Chi-Square test method to determine the significance of the relationship between variables. Result: This study was conducted on 167 patients with mild CADR (52.7%) more than severe CADR (47.3%). The most frequently experienced mild and severe CADR was exanthematous drug eruption and DRESS. In addition, there were also 68 CADR patients with the comorbid disease (40,7 %). Seen from the statistical tests performed, obtained p-value = 0.074 and Odds Ratio (OR) = 1.861. Judging from the p-value, it can be concluded that there is no significant relationship between comorbid disease and the severity of CADR (p > 0.05). Despite that, when viewed from the OR results, it shows that patients with comorbid diseases have a statistically higher risk of 1.861 times higher of experiencing the mild type of CADR than the severe type. Conclusion: One to suggest for this research is to collect medical record data within a longer time span. It is expected that the data is complete and as needed so that it can support the shortcomings in this study.

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is an allergic response that causes varied symptoms in the nose by exposure to allergens. A patient with a family history of atopy has a higher risk of AR. Various trigger factors can trigger the allergic response. Symptoms disturb daily life activity, decrease productivity, and cause many complications if left untreated. This case was found in primary health care in Malang city. Complete history-taking was done to identify the risk factors, and then some home visit was done to identify the trigger factors. The patient was a woman with a history of atopy. Trigger factors found came from the environment, but there is a possibility that the trigger factor is psychological pressure. This case report will discuss the role of family medicine and its application in allergic rhinitis. Comprehensive and holistic management is needed because of the complex relationship between biopsychosocial factors with AR.