The aim of the present study was to analyze the mortality from circulatory diseases for about 30,000 members of the Techa River cohort over the period 1950-2003, and to investigate how these rates depend on radiation doses. This population received both external and internal exposures from (90)Sr, (89)Sr, (137)Cs, and other uranium fission products as a result of waterborne releases from the Mayak nuclear facility in the Southern Urals region of the Russian Federation. The analysis included individualized estimates of the total (external plus internal) absorbed dose in muscle calculated based on the Techa River Dosimetry System 2009. The cohort-average dose to muscle tissue was 35 mGy, and the maximum dose was 510 mGy. Between 1950 and 2003, 7,595 deaths from circulatory diseases were registered among cohort members with 901,563 person years at risk. Mortality rates in the cohort were analyzed using a simple parametric excess relative risk (ERR) model. For all circulatory diseases, the estimated excess relative risk per 100 mGy with a 15-year lag period was 3.6 % with a 95 % confidence interval of 0.2-7.5 %, and for ischemic heart disease it was 5.6 % with a 95 % confidence interval of 0.1-11.9 %. A linear ERR model provided the best fit. Analyses with a lag period shorter than 15 years from the beginning of exposure did not reveal any significant risk of mortality from either all circulatory diseases or ischemic heart disease. There was no evidence of an increased mortality risk from cerebrovascular disease (p > 0.5). These results should be regarded as preliminary, since they will be updated after adjustment for smoking and alcohol consumption.
The present study is based on a retrospective analysis of archive data of the Clinical Department of the Urals Research Center for Radiation Medicine that has been established to examine and treat accidentally exposed residents of the Urals Region. All individuals included in this study were examined by an ophthalmologist. The study of cataract incidence has been conducted retrospectively for the period from 1951 till 2000 among chronically exposed residents of the Techa riverside villages (6343 persons). Individual accumulated absorbed doses to soft tissues (analogue of eye dose) reached 1.18 Gy (mean 0.12 Gy) while for 88.9% of the study group the dose did not exceed 0.1 Gy. There was no evidence of the influence of low-dose and low-dose rate on cataract incidence. Excess relative risk of cataract formation per 1 Gy was 0.40 (95% CI -0.43; 1.47). It is noted that 15% of all excess cases were registered in persons with soft tissue dose above 0.3 Gy, though their fraction among all examined persons was only 4.1%. Risk of cataract development significantly increased in exposed individuals with retinal angiosclerosis, diabetes and arterial hypertension.
Сравнительный анализ риска смерти от солидных злокачественных новообразований у населения, облучившегося на реке Теча и Восточно-Уральском радиоактивном следеКрестинина Л.Ю., Силкин С.С., Микрюкова Л.Д., Епифанова С.Б., Аклеев А.В. ФГБУН Уральский научно-практический центр радиационной медицины ФМБА России, ЧелябинскДо настоящего времени нет чёткого понимания о величинах риска для здоровья и характере дозовой зависимости для населения, получившего хроническое облучение в пределах малых и средних уровней доз (до 1 Гр). В связи с этим, исследования в когортах достаточной чис-ленности и длительного периода наблюдения могут сыграть важную роль в получении необ-ходимой информации. Цель работы -представить научному сообществу результаты срав-нения отдалённых эффектов облучения у населения прибрежных сёл реки Теча и населе-ния, проживавшего на территории образовавшегося Восточно-Уральского радиоактивного следа, получивших в результате деятельности ПО «Маяк» среднюю поглощённую дозу облу-чения мягких тканей 0,03-0,04 Гр. Индивидуализированные дозы в обеих когортах рассчита-ны по улучшенной дозиметрической системе TRDS-2009. Показано, что величина риска на единицу дозы для смерти от солидных злокачественных новообразований при продолжи-тельном радиационном воздействии низких и средних уровней доз в когортах населения Южного Урала сопоставима между собой и имеет линейный характер статистически значи-мого дозового ответа. Согласованность результатов представляет собой хороший потенциал для объединения двух когорт в будущем с целью увеличения статистической мощности ис-следований и уменьшения неопределённостей в оценках риска. ВведениеСоздание на Южном Урале в конце сороковых годов прошлого столетия ПО «Маяк», перво-го предприятия по производству оружейного плутония, привело к загрязнению радиоактивными отходами реки Теча (1950-1956 гг.) и тепловому взрыву хранилища жидких радиоактивных отхо-дов (29.09.1957 г.). В результате население прибрежных сёл реки Теча и население, проживав-шее на территории образовавшегося Восточно-Уральского радиоактивного следа (ВУРС), под-верглось продолжительному воздействию малых и средних доз облучения (менее 1 Гр) [1][2][3][4][5][6].В семидесятых (для населения реки Теча) и в девяностых (для ВУРС) годах в Уральском научно-практическом центре радиационной медицины (УНПЦ РМ) был создан персонализиро-ванный регистр облучённого на Южном Урале населения и его потомков. На базе регистра бы-ли созданы когорты для анализа отдалённых эффектов облучения. Создание сотрудниками биофизической лаборатории УНПЦ РМ единой дозиметрической системы [7][8][9][10] позволило рас-считать индивидуальные дозы, поглощённые органами за весь (более 50 лет) период наблюде-ния для членов когорты реки Теча (КРТ) и для членов когорты ВУРС. Цель настоящего иссле-дования -сравнить дозовые эффекты у членов КРТ и Челябинской субкогорты ВУРС (ЧСВУРС) на примере риска смерти от солидных злокачественных новообразований (ЗНО) в зависимости от дозы [11, 12], а также сравнить параметры, от которых зависят базовые уровни смерти от ...
Epidemiological data have revealed a significant association between exposure to ionizing radiation, loss of optical lens function, and cataract formation. Residents of villages in the Southern Urals were chronically exposed to external and internal radiation in the range of «small» and «medium» doses as a result of two radiation accidents at the «Mayak» plant in the middle of the last century. Purpose. Тo investigate changes in the lens in individuals who have been chronically exposed to radiation over a long time. Material and methods. Аn analysis of the results of the examination by an ophthalmologist in the clinical Department of the URCRM of 583 people from among those who were subjected to chronic radiation exposure and their offspring was carried out. The examination was carried out according to a special in-depth program with photo fixation of changes in the lens (18 characteristics). Results. According to the results of the examination, grade 1 and 2 opacities were most often detected in all layers of the lens. More expressed changes in the lens significantly reduce vision and require earlier cataract surgery. Lens Opacities in the cortical layers are the most common type of lens pathology in the development of cataracts in all age categories. The frequency of nuclear cataracts in the study group of patients of the URCRM Clinic gradually increases with attained age from 0% under the age of 40 to 19-23% in the age groups with members aged over 70. The same tendency is observed in the increase in the intensity of yellow color in the staining of the lens nucleus. The largest changes in the posterior lens capsule were observed in the oldest age group (over the age of 80 - 22% of all the opacities at this age). Conclusion. The ophthalmological examination of patients affected by radiation accidents in the Ural region revealed an increase in cataract cases with an increase in age, which corresponds to the trends in the non-irradiated population. Key words: eye diseases; chronic radiation exposure; cortical cataract; nuclear cataract; posterior subcapsular cataract.
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