Background: In bone tissue engineering, scaffold is required with a large porosity of 80-90%. The porosity of the hydroxyapatite/alginate scaffold can be affected by the alginate concentration used. The objective of this study was to determine whether hydroxyapatite/alginate scaffolds with alginate concentration of 1% and 3% could be synthesized and to determine whether the use of low concentration alginates in hydroxyapatite/alginate scaffolds could increase thescaffold porosity.Methods: The method used in making scaffold was freeze drying method, while the method used to measure porosity was liquid displacement methodResult: In this study, it was found that hydroxyapatite/1% alginate scaffolds porosity had greater porosity compared with hydroxyapatite/3% alginate scaffolds with signifcant difference.Conclusion: So, it can be concluded that the use of lower alginate concentration can increase porosity in hydroxyapatite/alginate scaffolds.

Latar Belakang: Karies gigi merupakan masalah kesehatan gigi dengan proporsi terbanyak di Indonesia, yang terjadi karena adanya proses demineralisasi. Proses demineralisasi dapat dicegah lebih lanjut menggunakan susu sebagai agen antikariogenik sekaligus agen remineralisasi. Proses demineralisasi dan remineralisasi gigi dapat dideteksi melalui perubahan kekerasan enamel gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh susu terhadap kekerasan enamel gigi. Metode: Tinjauan literatur dengan pencarian melalui beberapa database elektronik berdasarkan kata kunci yang telah ditetapkan, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan menyeleksi literatur dengan metode PRISMA. Hasil: Berdasarkan 10 artikel yang dianalisis dalam studi literatur ini, diketahui bahwa susu berpengaruh terhadap kekerasan enamel gigi dengan nilai peningkatan yang berbeda-beda. Jenis susu yang dapat digunakan sebagai agen remineralisasi antara lain susu sapi, susu kambing, dan susu kerbau. Susu yang paling banyak terbukti dalam meningkatkan kekerasan enamel adalah susu sapi. Kesimpulan: Susu menjadi agen remineralisasi dengan meningkatkan kekerasan enamel gigi, tetapi kemampuan remineralisasi oleh susu ini tidak dapat mengembalikan nilai kekerasan enamel awal sebelum terjadi demineralisasi. Kata Kunci: Susu, remineralisasi, kekerasan enamel gigi

Introduction:A newborn can suck at breast and latch well to get breast milk, but infants born with cleft lip and palate have difficulties to press the nipple by their tongues towards palatal direction. Case:A 10-day-old female infant came with complaint of not being able to breastfeed from a normal bottle and accordingly need to use spoon for milk feeding. She was planned to perform first step operation at 3 months with minimum 10 pounds of body weight. For nutrient intake, nasogastric tube had been placed on the patient. Case management :At the first visit, impression procedure was performed using red wax material that previously warmed thus it can be shaped according to the defect on infant’s palate. Subsequently, feeding obturator was fabricated using the resulting cast. Fabrication of feeding obturator used putty impression material combined with feeding bottle nipple. Thereafter, the modified feeding bottle was tried in the patient’s mouth. Conclusion:the use of putty material combined with feeding bottle nipple in infants with cleft palate may function as obturator. Furthermore, correction using the one of the modified feeding bottle can be carried out every 1-2 weeks until surgical repair of the cleft palate is performed.Keywords: cleft palate, feeding bottle, putty material, nutrition

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Scaffolds is three dimensional structure that serves as a framework for bone growth. Natural materials are often used in synthesis of bone tissue engineering scaffolds with respect to compliance with the content of the human body. Among the materials used to make scafffold was hydroxyapatite, alginate and chitosan. Hydroxyapatite powder obtained by mixing phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide, alginate powders extracted from brown algae and chitosan powder acetylated from crab. The purpose of this study was to examine the functional groups of hydroxyapatite, alginate and chitosan. The method used in this study was laboratory experimental using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for hydroxyapatite, alginate and chitosan powders. The results indicated the presence of functional groups PO43-, O-H and CO32- in hydroxyapatite. In alginate there were O-H, C=O, COOH and C-O-C functional groups, whereas in chitosan there were O-H, N-H, C=O, C-N, and C-O-C. It was concluded that the third material containing functional groups as found in humans that correspond to the scaffolds material in bone tissue engineering.