Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) has potential to be developed for oral protein delivery because it is free from water, hence preserving the stability of protein, protecting protein from enzymatic degradation, and enhancing the protein permeability in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). However, protein-based SNEDDS formulation is challenging due to low solubility property of protein in oil, which is towards zero. This present study aimed to obtain the most compatible SNEDDS for protein using HLB approach. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) was used as a protein model. A number of 78 formulas with HLB ranging between 11 and 15 were screened to acquire stable SNEDDS composition without the presence of phase separation. Of 13 stable formulas, two were selected (F30 and F45) with HLB 15, and then loaded with BSA. Physical characteristics of both formulas were then evaluated and these results suggested that SNEDDS with single hydrophilic surfactant (F45) and HLB 15 was the best formula for protein template as the stability testing showed that phase separation and precipitation did not appear. It was robust to pH and dilution with percentage of transmittance of 96.40±1.05% and the droplet size of 180.9nm. F45 had also uniform distribution of droplets size since the polydispersity index was less than 0.1. The zeta potential of F45 was-0.12mv with loading efficiency 83.57±1.77%. The emulsifying time of F45 was > 2min due to the formation of crystalline gel that was difficult to disperse.

Particulate delivery system can be used for improving the efficacy of protein and peptide drug. In addition to a polymerbased particulate delivery system, self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), a lipid-based delivery system, is currently developed for either less water-soluble or soluble drugs. This study aims to design SNEDDS for oral insulin administration and its in vitro-in vivo study. The SNEDDS template was designed using D-optimal mixture design and was analyzed using software Design Expert 7.1.5. The obtained optimum template was loaded with insulin and evaluated for its transmittance percentage, emulsification time, particle size, zeta potential, stability, the amount of insulin in vitro diffused across rat intestine, and insulin serum concentration after oral administration. The study results revealed that the optimum template of SNEDDS formula consisted of 10% (w/w) Miglyol 812N, 65% (w/w) Tween 80, and 25% (w/w) propylene glycol. These optimum template then was loaded with insulin and characterized. SNEDDS insulin has particle size of 12.0±1.7 nm, zeta potential of +0.16mV, transmittance of >90%, and emulsification time of < 60 seconds. The stability study showed that SNEDDS insulin was stable from both precipitation and phase separation. The amount of insulin transported from SNEDDS formula in vitro was 32.45±2.03% and non-SNEDDS formula was 10.44±5.04%. In vivo study of SNEDDS insulin produced a significantly increased Cmax, AUC, and F value than insulin non SNEDDS (p < 0.05). In brief, SNEDDS formulation in this study is a promising approach to increase the effectiveness of oral insulin. Insulin is better given orally in SNEDDS formulation than in non SNEDDS formulation.

This research aims to create a lotion formula containing essential oils of turmeric (Curcuma longa) as well as find out its activities as 33 ± 0.34, 3.33 ± 0.38, 11.43 ± 1.50, and 21.67 ± 2.08 minutes. Preparations that have their greatest protection is lotion which contains turmeric oils of 20%. In addition to the activity test also tests the physical properties of turmeric oil lotion, i.e organoleptic test, pH, spreadibility test, and viscosity. All tests of physical properties were fullfilled the criteria lotion preparations.Then the pH and spreadibility tested again after being stored for 1 month. pH of lotion not experience significant differences compared to when newly created, while the spreadibility changed after being stored 1 month. Keywords: lotion, turmeric oil, repellent, Aedes aegypti ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk membuat formula sediaan lotion yang mengandung minyak atsiri kunyit (Curcuma longa) sekaligus mengetahui aktivitasnya sebagai antinyamuk Aedes aegypti. Rimpang kunyit didestilasi uap untuk diambil minyak atsirinya. Lotion dibuat dengan mencampurkan minyak kunyit dengan basis dengan konsentrasi 10%, 15%, dan 20%. Aktivitas sediaan diuji terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegypti yaitu dengan menghitung waktu perlindungannya. Sebagai kontrol negatif digunakan basis saja. Dari hasil uji aktivitas didapatkan hasil waktu perlindungan lotion berturut-turut adalah 1, 33 ± 0,34; 3,33 ± 0,38; 11,43 ± 1,50; dan 21,67 ± 2,08 menit. Sediaan yang memiliki waktu perlindungan terbesar adalah lotion yang mengandung minyak atsiri 20%. Selain dilakukan uji aktivitas juga dilakukan uji sifat fisik lotion minyak kunyit, yaitu uji organoleptis, pH, daya sebar, dan viskositas. Semua uji sifat fisik memenuhi kriteria sediaan lotion. Kemudian pH dan daya sebar dan lotion diuji lagi setelah disimpan selama 1 bulan. pH lotion tidak mengalami perbedaan bermakna dibandingkan dengan ketika baru dibuat, sedangkan daya sebarnya mengalami perubahan setelah disimpan 1 bulan.

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Objective: This study aimed to find the best SNEDDS meloxicam formula and analyze the release kinetics of meloxicam SNEDDS and non-SNEDDS using DDSolver.  Methods: Meloxicam SNEDDS was prepared using sunflower seed oil, Cremophor RH 40 as a surfactant, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400 as a co-surfactant.  Results: The best formula obtained subjected to the in vitro dissolution study was analyzed using DDSolver. The study shows one selected formula consists of 10% sunflower seed oil, 70% cremophor RH 40, and 20% PEG 400 with a 20.5 nm±12 nm droplet size. The dissolution study showed that SNEDDS could significantly increase the meloxicam release compared to the non-SNEDDS formulation. The kinetics of meloxicam release from SNEDDS formulations follow the Weibull release model (β = 1.00).  Conclusion: This study concludes that SNEDDS best prepared in sunflower seeds oil: Chremophor RH 40: PEG 400 ratio of 1: 7: 2 and has the potency to increase the solubility and dissolution of meloxicam.