The oil and gas industry exploration that will generally be followed by corrosive substances including sweet gas (eg H2S and CO2), it will result in corrosion event. The corrosion stress cracking will cause the carbon steel pipe to break so that production oil and gas can be stopped. The research aims in this paper is to analyze the corrosion event of carbon steel pipe in laboratory scale on acid environment with the existence of sweet gas H2O and CO2 by using three points loading method. This research uses carbon steel pipe API 5L-X65 which stay in condensation environment of 7700 ml aquades, 250 ml acetic acid and 50 ml ammonia, then filled sweet gas CO2 and H2S in saturated state. Based on the test results of microstructure and microscope polarized, there is a phenomenon corrosion stress cracking, i.e transgranular stress cracking corrosion and intergranular stress cracking corrosion. The accelerate corrosion that happened at the test sample will be greater if ever greater given deflection for the time of the same presentation. Crack deepness in the test of the test sample will deeper if ever greater given deflection. The cracks in the sample test will deeper if it was given stress σ greater for the same exposure time.
Makalah ini menyajikan teknik orisinal pengujian untuk mengevaluasi kinerja algoritme relay proteksi saluran transmisi (relay jarak model SEL-421) menggunakan DIgSILENT. Tujuan yang diharapkan dari publikasi ini adalah untuk memberikan pemahaman tentang penggunakan software DIgSILENT untuk pengujian relay proteksi. Akurasi dari algoritme pengukuran impedans kegagalan yang diakibatkan oleh pengaruh faktor ketidakpastian sistem dapat diamati secara bersamaan dan dilakukan pengujian secara otomatis. Misalnya, pengaruh dari resistans kegagalan dan sudut aliran daya adalah dianggap sebagai faktor ketidakpastian. Pada metode pengujian yang ditawarkan, simulasi gangguan pada saluran transmisi dilakukan pada sejumlah lokasi gangguan yang berbeda dengan perubahan nilai dari parameter ketidakpastian berdasarkan nilai sampel parameter dan diubah secara serentak untuk melihat pengaruh terhadap kinerja relay. Sampel parameter ketidakpastian yang digunakan dibangkitkan secara acak pada rentang nilai tertentu. Pengujian otomatis telah diaplikasikan melalui algoritme yang dikembangkan dengan DIgSILENT Programming Language (DPL) pada DIgSILENT. Contoh yang disajikan pada publikasi ini menjelaskan tentang metode pengujian yang ditawarkan dapat juga digunakan untuk mendemontrasikan kegunaannya secara praktis. Pada makalah ini, metode untuk pengujian relay jarak telah berhasil diimplementasikan melalui kombinasi software DIgSILENT dan MATLAB.
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) represent single layers up to dozens of graphene layers smaller than 30 nm. GQDs are newish molecules that have aroused great interest in research because of their exceptional and manageable optical, electrical, chemical, and structural properties. In this work, we report electrostatic potential energy maps, or molecular electrostatic potential surfaces, illustrate the charge distributions of GQDs three-dimensionally. Knowledge of the charge distributions can be used to determine how GQDs interact with one another. To analyze the distribution of molecular charges accurately, a large number of electrostatic potential energy values must be calculated.The best way to transmit these data is to visualize them as in the electrostatic potential map. A ZINDO semi-empirical quantum chemistry method then imposes the calculated data onto an electron density model of the GQDs derived from the Schrödinger equation. To make the electrostatic potential energy data of GQDs easy to interpret, a color spectrum, with red as the lowest electrostatic potential energy value and blue as the highest, is employed to convey the varying intensities of the electrostatic potential energy values.The results of the four GQD system quantum models suggest that the energy of the ionization potential lies in a range of -7.20 eV to -5.31 eV and the electron affinity is -2.65 to -0.24 eV.
Atom Litium adalah suatu atom yang mempunyai 3 buah elektron pada kulitnya. Pada keadaan eksitasi, satu elektron menduduki orbital 1s dan dua elektron lainnya menduduki orbital 2s. Fungsi gelombang total keadaan eksitasi ditentukan melalui ekspansi determinan Slater. Hamiltonian total merupakan gabungan dari Hamiltonian masing-masing elektron dan suku interaksi di antara ketiga elektron bersangkutan. Dengan diperolehnya fungsi gelombang total dan Hamiltonian total, maka energi total keadaan eksitasi atom Litium dapat ditentukan. Perhitungan dilakukan dengan metode variasi dan diperoleh E =-135,5007 eV.
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