Cynarin is a derivative of hydroxycinnamic acid and it has biologically active functional groups constituent of some plants and food. We elucidated the antioxidant activity of cynarin by using different in vitro condition bioanalytical antioxidant assays like DMPD : 0.9444) and 39.34 ± 13.88 nM, respectively. This study clearly showed that cynarin had marked antioxidant, anticholinergic, reducing ability, radical-scavenging, and metal-binding activities.

Ethanolic (EEC) and aqueous (WEC) extracts of cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum)were evaluated for their antioxidant profiles by eight distinguished bioanalytical antioxidant methods. Their inhibitory effects were tested against some enzymes including acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, α-glycosidase and αamylase, which linked to different diseases. Additionally, the antioxidant properties were determined and polyphenolic compositions of the both extracts were evaluated by LC-MS/MS analysis. According to the LC-MS/MS experiments, thirteen compounds were found in WEC and EEC. Also, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (321.1 mg/kg extract), p-coumaric acid (291.4 mg/kg extract), and pyrogallol (142.4 mg/kg extract) were found to be the most abundant ingredients in the WEC. On the other hand, pyrogallol (264.3 mg/kg extract), ferulic acid (224.7 mg/ kg extract) and p-coumaric acid (170.2 mg/kg extract) were found as the most plentiful chemicals in the EEC. For the estimation of the antioxidant capacities of the both extracts (WEC and EEC), DPPH· and ABTS •+ scavenging activities, as well as Fe 3+ -Fe 2+ , and Cu 2+ -Cu + reducing assays were studied. The IC 50 values of the WEC and EEC indicated that they were potent effective DPPH· (21. 25 and 15.71 μg/mL) and ABTS •+ (6.52 and 5.79 μg/mL) scavengers, as well as AChE (221.33 and 110.26 μg/mL), BChE (461.69 and 94.93 μg/mL), α-glycosidase (206.86 and 220.00 μg/mL) and α-amylase (189.86 and 200.86 μg/mL) inhibitors. As a conclusion, both EEC and WEC had rich phenolic contents and demonstrated effective anticholinergic, antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. ARTICLE HISTORY

Aldose reductase (AR), α‐amylase, and α‐glycosidase are vital enzymes to prevent diabetic complications. Here, AR was purified from sheep kidney using elementary methods with 111.11‐purification fold and with 0.85% purification yield. The interactions between some phenolic compounds and the AR, α‐glycosidase, and α‐amylase enzyme were determined. It was found that phenolic compounds exhibit potential inhibitor properties for these enzymes. For α‐amylase, studied phenolic compounds showed IC50 values in the range of 601.56–2,067.78 nM. For α‐glycosidase, Ki values were found in the range of 169.25 ± 27.22–572.88 ± 106.76 nM. For AR, Ki values in the range of 8.48 ± 0.56–43.26 ± 7.63 µM. However, genistein showed the best inhibition effect toward AR and α‐glycosidase, but delphinidin chloride exhibited the best inhibition effect against α‐amylase enzyme. We determined that all compounds showed noncompetitive inhibition effect against AR and α‐glycosidase. Also, studied phenolic compounds may be useful in the prevention or treatment of diabetic complications.

In order to evaluate the antioxidant activity of evaporated ethanolic extract (EESB) and lyophilized water extract (WESB) of Shaggy bindweed (Convulvulus betonicifolia Mill. Subs), some putative antioxidant methods such as DPPH⋅ scavenging activity, ABTS þ scavenging effect, ferric ions (Fe 3þ ) reduction method, cupric ions (Cu 2þ ) reducing capacity, and ferrous ions (Fe 2þ ) binding activities were separately performed. Also, ascorbic acid, α-tocopherol and BHT were used as the standard compounds. Additionally, some phenolic compounds that responsible for antioxidant abilities of EESB and WESB were screened by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). At the same concentration, EESB and WESB demonstrated effective antioxidant abilities when compared to standards. In addition, EESB demonstrated IC 50 values of 1.946 μg/mL against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), 0.815 μg/mL against α-glycosidase and 0.675 μg/mL against α-amylase enzymes.

In the first stage of the manuscript, we aimed to examine antioxidant capacity and anticholinergic properties of avocado (Folium perseae) leaves. Avocado leaf was extracted by water (WEFP) and ethyl alcohol (EEFP) and antioxidant activity was determined using by several antioxidant assays including DPPH· and ABTS •+ radical scavenging assays, Cu 2+ -Cu + reducing, Fe 3+ -Fe 2+ reducing, and FRAP reducing activities. Avocado leaf extracts demonstrated antioxidant activity and anticholinergic activities, while α-tocopherol, BHT, trolox, and BHA were used as positive antioxidant controls. In the second part of this study, the inhibition effects of WEFP and EEFP were valuated against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes, which catalyze the breakdown of choline esters (i.e. neurotransmitters). This study obviously showed that avocado leaf extracts had effective antioxidant, antiradical, and anticholinergic influences.