The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of aluminum (Al) on physiological and biochemical parameters of Luehea divaricata seedlings grown in a hydroponic system under greenhouse conditions to verify the possible tolerance to Al or phytoremediation potential of this species. Seeds of Luehea divaricata were placed to germinate in commercial substrate and after 30 days the seedlings were transferred to a hydroponic system with a complete nutrient solution, pH at 4.5±0.1, with daily adjustment. After 20 days of acclimatization, homogenous plants were selected and transferred to a new nutrient solution (without phosphorus (P) and pH at 4.5±0.1) with different concentrations of Al: 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 mg L -1 , each treatment being composed of 10 replicates of one plant each. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design. After seven days of exposure to the treatments, plants were collected for physiological and biochemical analyzes. Aluminum promoted a significant reduction in fresh and dry weight of roots, stems and leaves; in plant height; leaf number; leaf area; and pigment content. On the other hand, Al promoted an increase in lipid peroxidation and guaiacol peroxidase enzyme activity. Therefore, the presence of Al in the growth medium, for the studied conditions, altered significantly both physiological and biochemical parameters in Luehea divaricata seedlings, presenting a sensitive behavior to this element. Due to these characteristics, the studied species does not show phytoremediation potential.
The implementation of silvopastoral systems (SPS) on properties that have family farming is an alternative to diversify land use, to acquire more than one production good, and diversify income generation. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the financial viability and quantify the volume of the forest component in an SPS with a spacing of 3.0 m x 20.0 m for multiple uses, carried out at 4 years of age for a 16-year rotation. For the analysis of financial viability, we used project analysis criteria such as: net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and benefit-cost ratio (BCR) for a 16-year horizon with rate benchmarks interest rate of 3%, 4.5% and 10%. Based on the financial analysis criteria, the tree component of the system is viable, as it presented an NPV greater than zero, IRR exceeding the minimum attractiveness rate and BCR greater than 1 for all rates analyzed. The estimated production of the forest component was 257.28 m3/ha in 16 years. Thus, it can be concluded that the forest component in the arrangement of 3.0 m x 20.0 m at 16 years of age, provides a financial return for the small rural property. Therefore, it is a system that brings several economic and environmental advantages, optimizing the use of land, diversifying the production of the small property, generating income, bringing benefits to the reduction of methane gas (CH4) emissions, and assists in carbon sequestration (CO2).
Brazil has a vast diversity of natural resources, which are important in the economic and social context of many families, identified through non-wood forest products (NWFP), among them chestnuts, in the north, and pine nut, in the south of the country. Thus, the objective of the work was to analyze the productive chain of the Brazilian chestnuts in order to establish and identify potentialities existing in its productive chain that can be used to promote the pine nut productive chain in the social, economic and environmental spheres. The study was carried out through the application of an open questionnaire, having as target audience representatives linked to the commercialization and research of both forest products. As a main result, it is evident that the pine nut has an incomplete production chain, presenting itself as a product with secondary representation in the formation of farmers' income, which contributes to the structure of pine nut commercialization being incipient. In addition, the lack of social organization for extractivism is responsible for the non-consolidation of the chain, coupled with the incipient process of industrialization and processing of the pine nut. which limits the added value of the product. There is a need for greater interest and attention on the part of the government with actions involving entities that can assist in the most different spheres, as well as providing technical assistance, research, and financial support.
RESUMOO objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o efeito do alumínio (Al) sobre a germinação, crescimento inicial e estresse oxidativo de plântulas de Luehea divaricata em cultivo in vitro. Sementes de L. divaricata foram inoculadas em tubos de ensaio contendo meio MS com diferentes concentrações de Al (0, 50 e 100 mg L -1 ), em pH 4,5. As plântulas foram cultivadas em sala de crescimento, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 20 tubos de ensaio cada, e uma semente por tubo. Após 60 dias de cultivo, as plântulas foram coletadas para as análises morfológicas e bioquímicas. A germinação de sementes e a biomassa fresca e seca de parte aérea foram significativamente reduzidas pelo Al. O número de folhas, comprimento da raiz principal, altura, massa fresca de raízes, diâmetro e volume médio radicular foram reduzidos em 100 mg L -1 de Al. O comprimento médio de raízes, a área superficial e biomassa seca de raízes não foram afetados pelo Al. Nas raízes, a concentração de 100 mg L -1 reduziu a atividade da guaiacol peroxidase (POD) e aumentou a da superóxido dismutase (SOD), enquanto na parte aérea essas enzimas foram inibidas pelo Al, mas o aumento na peroxidação lipídica só foi observado em 100 mg L -1 . Com base nos resultados, pode-se concluir que as plântulas de L. divaricata apresentam tolerância ao Al em concentração de até 50 mg L -1 quando presente no meio de crescimento in vitro. Esta é uma informação relevante para utilização desta espécie no reflorestamento e descontaminação de solos ácidos.
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