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OBJECTIVE:To analyze the dengue epidemic in relation to the socioeconomic context according to geographical areas. METHODS:An ecological study was conducted in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro (Southeastern Brazil), in areas delimited as neighborhoods, based on information about notifi ed dengue cases concerning residents in the municipality. The average incidence rate of dengue was calculated between the epidemiological weeks: 48 th of 2001 and 20 th of 2002. The occurrence of dengue was correlated with socioeconomic variables through Pearsons' correlation coeffi cient. Moran's global and local indexes were used to assess the spatial auto-correlation between dengue and the variables that signifi cantly correlated with the disease. The multiple linear regression model and the conditional auto-regression spatial model were used to analyze the relationship between dengue and socioeconomic context. RESULTS:The neighborhoods located in the west zone of the municipality presented high rates of average dengue incidence. The variables presenting signifi cant correlation were: percentage of households connected with the general sanitary network, households with washing machines, and population density per urban area. Moran's spatial auto-correlation index revealed spatial dependence between dengue and the selected variables. The utilized models indicated percentage of households connected with the general sanitary network as the sole variable signifi cantly associated with the disease. The residual fi gures in both models revealed signifi cant spatial auto-correlation, with a positive Moran Index (p<0.001) for linear regression model, and a negative one (p=0.005) for the conditional auto-regression one. CONCLUSIONS:Problems related to basic sanitation contribute decisively to increase the risk of the disease.

Resumo -O objetivo deste trabalho foi mapear e avaliar a variabilidade espacial da condutividade elétrica do solo (CE), obtida por meio de sensor de contato de campo, num Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico, sob plantio direto de grãos, e relacionar a CE com os teores de argila medidos pelo método do densímetro, em amostras georreferenciadas de solo. As amostras foram coletadas numa área de 13 ha, por meio de uma grade de 40x40 m e de grades de 20x20 m, 10x10 m e 5x5 m. A continuidade espacial da CE e do teor de argila foi modelada com o uso de semivariogramas. A CE variou de 1,9 a 13,7 mS m -1 , com valor médio de 5,2 mS m -1 e coeficiente de variação de 48%. O mapa interpolado mostrou tendência de aumento da CE com o aumento dos teores de argila. Os coeficientes de determinação foram de 0,78 e 0,77 entre CE e teor de argila, camadas 0-5 e 5-10 cm, respectivamente. O mapa da CE reflete suficientemente a variação espacial dos teores de argila para uso na delimitação de zonas de manejo.Termos para indexação: geoestatística, granulometria, agricultura de precisão, sensores de campo. Electrical conductivity mapping in relation to clay of a Ferralsol under no tillage systemAbstract -The objective of this work was to map and evaluate the spatial variability of the soil electrical conductivity (EC), measured with a contact sensor in a Rhodic Ferralsol under no till grain crops. The values of soil EC were related to soil clay content, measured by the densimetric method in georreferenced samples collected at 0-5 and 5-10 cm, in a 13 ha field. Soil samples were collected using a 40x40 m grid and densed grids of 20, 10 and 5 m spacing. Spatial continuity of EC and of clay content was modeled using semivariograms. Soil EC ranged from 1.9 to 13.7 mS m -1 with an average of 5.2 mS m -1 and coefficient of variation of 48%. The kriged map of soil EC pointed out a tendency of increase where clay levels were higher. Determination coefficients between soil EC and clay content were 0.78 and 0.77, respectively for 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth. The EC map adequatly reflects the spatial variation in soil texture for establishing the limits of management zones.

OBJECTIVE To analyze the spatial distribution of risk for tuberculosis and its socioeconomic determinants in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.METHODS An ecological study on the association between the mean incidence rate of tuberculosis from 2004 to 2006 and socioeconomic indicators of the Censo Demográfico (Demographic Census) of 2000. The unit of analysis was the home district registered in the Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (Notifiable Diseases Information System) of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil. The rates were standardized by sex and age group, and smoothed by the empirical Bayes method. Spatial autocorrelation was evaluated by Moran’s I. Multiple linear regression models were studied and the appropriateness of incorporating the spatial component in modeling was evaluated.RESULTS We observed a higher risk of the disease in some neighborhoods of the port and north regions, as well as a high incidence in the slums of Rocinha and Vidigal, in the south region, and Cidade de Deus, in the west. The final model identified a positive association for the variables: percentage of permanent private households in which the head of the house earns three to five minimum wages; percentage of individual residents in the neighborhood; and percentage of people living in homes with more than two people per bedroom.CONCLUSIONS The spatial analysis identified areas of risk of tuberculosis incidence in the neighborhoods of the city of Rio de Janeiro and also found spatial dependence for the incidence of tuberculosis and some socioeconomic variables. However, the inclusion of the space component in the final model was not required during the modeling process.

The following study was intended to evaluate the occurrence of typical signs and symptoms in the cases of classic dengue and hemorrhagic dengue fever, during the 2001-2002 epidemic in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The authors reviewed 155,242 cases notified to the Information System of Notification Diseases, from January/2001 to June/2002: 81,327 cases were classified as classic dengue and 958 as hemorrhagic dengue fever, with a total of 60 deaths. Common symptoms, such as fever, headache, prostration, myalgia, nausea and retro-orbital pain, had a high incidence in both classic and hemorrhagic dengue fever. On the other hand, hemorrhagic signs and other signs of severe disease, such as shock, gastrointestinal bleeding, petechiae, epistaxis, abdominal pain and pleural effusion, were strongly associated to hemorrhagic dengue fever. Besides, the occurrence of death was 34.8 times higher in hemorrhagic dengue fever than in classic dengue (OR = 34.8; CI 19.7-61.3).