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The aim of the research was to determine the impact of the forecasted change in the prices of agricultural production, yield and product sales prices on the profitability of winter wheat, winter rye and spring barley in 2022. Research results indicate an improvement in the production and price results of the examined cereals. We calculate that the strongest forecasted revenue increase is observed in the case of rye producers. The range of deviations from cereal projection due to unit changes in yield, price and cultivation costs were also examined. The results indicate that rye and spring barley are characterized by quite high sensitivity to each of the income-generating factors, while in the case of winter wheat the strength of their impact is weaker. The progressive integration processes indicate that our considerations should take into account the anticipated changes on the EU market. Thus the results are presented in the light of predicted changes in the European Commission 2030 forecast.

The study of the effectiveness of the currency market is one of the most important research problems in the field of finance. The paper aims to assess the efficiency of the Polish zloty exchange rate market. We test the market efficiency by applying two independent approaches, one based on the Uncovered Interest Parity theory, and another based on the fractal analysis of exchange rates series. The research results show that the Uncovered Interest Parity holds only on the USD/PLN market. For EUR/PLN, JPY/PLN, CHF/PLN, MXN/PLN and TRY/PLN, the Uncovered Interest Parity hypothesis is rejected and implies the existence of the forward premium anomaly and market inefficiency. The estimated Hurst coefficient provides insight into the long-range dependence of exchange rates. The MXN/PLN, TRY/PLN and EUR/PLN exchange rates exhibit anti-persistent behaviours suggesting mean-reverting characteristics. For JPY/PLN and CHF/PLN, a high value of the Hurst exponent indicates long memory in the time series. Only for USD/PLN, we achieve the Hurst exponent closest to 0.5, which implies market efficiency. The research results obtained based on the UIP hypothesis and fractal analysis are consistent. The study reveals that the market efficiency hypothesis holds only for the most tradable Polish zloty currency pair, i.e., USD/PLN.

The aim of the study was to determine the predicted impact of the rate of yield change and product prices as well as prices of inputs for agricultural production on the profitability of winter wheat, winter rye, spring barley and winter oilseed rape in the perspective of 2022. Classic models of development tendency were used to make the projection. In order to define expected changes in revenues and costs by 2022, the average product performance for 2013-2015 was taken as the starting point for the projection. Due to the variability in crop yields and product sales prices, projection variants were also made. The research shows that the production profitability (the ratio of production value to total costs, i.e. direct and indirect costs) of wheat, rye and oilseed rape will increase in 2022 by 7.8-17.6 % compared to projection base years, whereas the economic efficiency of barley production will decrease (by 0.8%). The results indicate a much greater variability in price than in yield over the years. The impact of price on the production profitability will be greater as well. It was found that oilseed race and barley are characterized by relatively high sensitivity to variability in yield and price (greater than in the case of wheat and rye).

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